Although there are unified criteria for the clinical diagnosis and grading of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), clinical features and neuropathological patterns vary considerably among the neonates with HIE due to birth asphyxia in the same classification. The patterns and progression of brain injury in HIE, which is closely associated with long-term neurodevelopment outcomes, can be well shown on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but different sequences may lead to different MRI findings at the same time. It is suggested that diffusion-weighted imaging sequence be selected at 2-4 days after birth, and the conventional MRI sequence at 4-8 days. The major patterns of brain injury in HIE on MRI are as follows: injury of the thalamus and basal ganglia and posterior limbs of the internal capsules; watershed injury involving the cortical and subcortical white matter; focal or multifocal minimal white matter injury; extensive whole brain injury. Severe acute birth asphyxia often leads to deep grey matter injury (thalamus and basal ganglia), and the brain stem may also be involved; the pyramidal tract is the most susceptible white matter fiber tract; repetitive or intermittent hypoxic-ischemic insults, with inflammation or hypoglycemia, usually cause injuries in the watershed area and deep white matter. It is worth noting that sometimes the pattern of brain injury among those described above cannot be determined exactly, but rather a predominant one is identified; not all cases of HIE have characteristic MRI findings.
Brain ; diagnostic imaging ; Brain Injuries ; classification ; diagnostic imaging ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; diagnostic imaging ; Infant, Newborn ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods

Neonates are easily suffering from local or systematic infections due to their vulnerable skin barrier function, which leads to the increasing risk of death. Therefore, it is important to protect neonatal skin integrity and prevent neonatal skin injury in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Based on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and current evidence, the guidelines for neonatal skin management in the NICU were developed to provide recommendations on routine skin care and prevention and treatment of iatrogenic skin injury of neonates for health care providers.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Skin

Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Lung ; Lung Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; Ultrasonography