Study was carried out on patients with schizophrenia in 4 communes including Tù Nhiªn and QuyÕt §éng, Th¬êng TÝn district, Ph¬¬ng Dùc, Phó Xuyªn district and Tiªn Kiªn, Phong Ch©u district, Phó Thä province (a commutative total of resident in 4 above communes was 27490). The result has shown that the schizophremia frequently cause a serious personal effects and serious affection to other persons due to pathological, psychological, personality changes.
Schizophrenia ; Social Security ; Residence Characteristics

A social insurance scheme for farmers' accidents in Korea should be established as an independent institution from the existing industrial accident insurance, and it comes to complementary relationships with other social insurance system. A general rule of the compensation system is that it should apply to all farmers in principle but the coverage would be limited for part-time farmers. The financial burden would be borne by insurance premiums and state aid together. The type and level of benefits would be similar to current industrial accident insurance, which gives priority to economic security for maintaining farm works, such as costs for using temporary farmers, rather than income loss. The compensation system might be managed and administered by a nationwide organization.
Accidents, Occupational ; Agriculture ; Compensation and Redress ; Insurance ; Korea ; Social Security

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of attachment security, social support and health-related burden in the prediction of psychological distress and the mediation effects of social support and health-related burden in relationship between attachment security and psychological distress. METHODS: Finally, 161 patients were included for the analysis. Chi-square test and independent samples t-test were used for comparing differences between depressive/anxious group and non-depressive/non-anxious group. For evaluating the relationship among attachment security, social support, psychological distress and health-related burden, structural equation modeling analysis were performed. RESULTS: 40.7% and 32.0% of the patients have significant depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms, respectively. In the analysis for testing the differences between groups who have psychological distress and who have not, there were no significant differences of sociodemographic factors and medical characteristics between groups, except for association between depressive symptoms and type of surgery (p = 0.01). Contrary to sociodemographic and medical characteristics, there were significant differences of health-related burden and two coping resources (attachment security and social support) between groups (all p < 0.01), except for the support from medical team in between anxious group and non-anxious group (p = 0.20). In the structural equation model analysis (Model fit : chi-square/df ratio = 0.8, root mean square error of approximation = 0.000, comparative fit index = 1.000, non-normed fit index =0.991), attachment security and social support emerged as an important predictor of psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: Attachment security and social support are important factors affecting the psychological distress. We suggest that individual attachment style and the social support state must be considered to approach the newly diagnosed breast cancer patients with psychological distress.
Anxiety ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Depression ; Humans ; Negotiating ; Psychopathology ; Social Security

How much the Government should provide for its people in sickness and in health, till death do us part, is open to different interpretation in different societies. One of the great paradoxes is that welfare states with high taxation can be globally competitive, innovative, successful market economies, and still provide quality universal healthcare. The Nordic countries, classical welfare states, have achieved top global ranking in economic competitiveness. Denmark's people are the most satisfied with their healthcare in the world, and the world's fourth most responsive healthcare system. This paper examines some of the factors that have made Denmark a successful, open and civil society that provides free-access healthcare to all of its people.
Culture ; Denmark ; Humans ; National Health Programs ; Quality of Health Care ; Singapore ; Social Security ; Social Welfare ; Universal Coverage

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study are to identify the relationship between the Korean occupational stress scale (KOSS) and emotional labor, and to study the association between emotional labor and musculoskeletal symptoms, absence or early leave due to physical problems among civil affairs officials. METHODS: 391 public workers who provide social insurance service were analyzed. A structured self-reported questionnaire was used to assess sociodemographics, job stress, emotional labor, musculoskeletal symptoms and the experience of absence or early leave due to physical problems. For a comprehensive understanding of the relationship among these factors, multiple logistic regression analysis was used. RESULTS: The Pearson coefficient was 0.409 between the job demand of KOSS and the emotional labor score. The odds ratio of musculoskeletal symptoms is 2.32(95% CI: 1.17~4.61), 2.48(95% CI: 1.15~5.33) in the groups of moderate and, high emotional labor score, respectively, compared to the low score group. On the other hand, the odds ratio of the experience of absence or early leave due to physical problems is 2.43(95% CI: 1.24~4.76) and, 3.08(95% CI: 1.44~6.57) in the same groups. CONCLUSIONS: Emotional labor acts as a factor of job demand of KOSS, and has an effect on musculoskeletal symptoms and absence or early leave among civil affairs officials.
Absenteeism ; Hand ; Logistic Models ; Musculoskeletal Diseases ; Odds Ratio ; Questionnaires ; Social Security ; Stress, Psychological

Establishing social security networks for the reunification of the Koreas is important to minimize social disturbances. Above all, it is highly critical to establish a medical safety net. The non-political and humanitarian aspects of medical services may be used as a valuable tool to initiate peaceful exchanges between the two Koreas amid geopolitical tensions. It is necessary to determine principles and set up strategies in order to build medical safety net in the course of reunification. A staged approach is required. In the first phase, we need to establish a system to ensure expedited basic medical services while South Korea's medical insurance, public medical care, and emergency medical service systems are replicated in the second phase. The North Korean system then needs to be developed into a more robust medical safety net in the third phase. In order to engage in this approach successfully, it is necessary to close gaps and promote trades between the two Koreas, conduct consistent research and monitoring, and secure a professional personnel pool. Along with such efforts, it will also be necessary to coordinate other political, social, economic, and cultural policies and processes of establishing other social security nets. The successfully established medical safety net will play an important role in maximizing the benefits of reunification.
Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Dietary Sucrose ; Emergency Medical Services ; Insurance ; Korea ; Social Security

PURPOSE: With the increasing numbers of foreign residents in Korea, the need for an emergency medical care system for foreign patients seems to be growing. Sometimes, a foreigner admitted to an emergency room is not treated sufficiently due to the absence of insurance, facility in the Korean language, and a guardian. The management of a foreigner with trauma in the ER is difficult due to various problems such as social and economic status. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current management status of foreigners with penetrating wounds in the emergency room. METHODS: This study is an analysis of 580 patients that were diagnosed with penetrating wounds in one teaching Hospital from Jan. 1, 2008 to Dec. 31, 2008. We analyzed results according to nationality, alcohol ingestion, intentional or accidental trauma, trauma mechanism, injury severity, management time in the ER, and outcome in the ER. RESULTS: Of the total 580 patients, 486 patients (83.8%) were native Koreans and 94 patients (16.2%) were foreigners. According to the Revised Trauma Score, the average score of native Korean patients was 7.808, and the average score of foreign patients was 7.638. Of native Korean patients, 22.6% had knife wounds while 38.3% of foreign patients did. Of native Korean patients, 17.3% experienced intentional trauma while 33.0% of the foreign patients did. Of native Korean patients, 22.5% had ingested alcohol while 49.4% of the foreigners had. Of native Korean patients, 10.5% were admitted while 7.6% of the foreign patients were. Of native Korean patients, 14.2% were discharged against medical advice (DAMA), while 18.5% of foreign patients were. Of native Korean patients, 1.2% ran away while 8.7% of the foreign patients did. CONCLUSION: Stabbing was the most common cause of penetrating wounds in foreigner patients in this study. Intentional trauma was more common in foreigners with penetrating wounds than in native Koreans. The severity was higher in foreigners with penetrating wounds than it was in native Koreans, and patients who ran away or were discharged against medical advice were more commonly foreigners with penetrating wounds. Social insurance or policy is needed for the management of foreigners with penetrating wounds.
Eating ; Emergencies ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Ethnic Groups ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Humans ; Insurance ; Korea ; Social Security ; Wounds, Penetrating

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of occurrence and reoccurrence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) on transition to poverty and persistence of poverty in South Korea. METHODS: The data of the year 2008-2011 from the Korea Health Panel were used. CHE was defined as the share of total health expenditure in a household out of a household's total income at various threshold levels (more than 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The effect of catastrophic expenditure on transition to poverty and persistence of poverty was analyzed through multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The shares of households facing CHE at various threshold levels have increased gradually with 37.7%, 21%, 13.1%, and 9.5% in 2011. Households facing CHE were more likely to experience transition to poverty at thresholds level of more than 5% and 20% in 2010 set. Households facing CHE seemed to experience persistence of poverty, but it was not statistically significant. About 40% of households facing CHE in 2009 encountered another shock of CHE in 2010. Households without CHE seemed to experience more transition to poverty and persistence of poverty, but it was not statistically significant. For household with multiple CHE, those with medical aid were more likely to experience transition to poverty with statistical significance, but the statistical significance disappeared in case of persistence of poverty. CONCLUSION: The Korean health system needs to be improved to serve as a social security net for addressing transition to poverty and persistence of poverty due to facing CHE.
Family Characteristics ; Health Expenditures* ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Poverty* ; Republic of Korea ; Shock ; Social Security

OBJECTIVES: This paper presents the framework and protocol design for a construction industry risk management toolbox. The construction industry needs a comprehensive, systematic approach to assess and control occupational risks. These risks span several professional health and safety disciplines, emphasized by multiple international occupational research agenda projects including: falls, electrocution, noise, silica, welding fumes, and musculoskeletal disorders. Yet, the International Social Security Association says, "whereas progress has been made in safety and health, the construction industry is still a high risk sector." METHODS: Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) employ about 80% of the world's construction workers. In recent years a strategy for qualitative occupational risk management, known as Control Banding (CB) has gained international attention as a simplified approach for reducing work-related risks. CB groups hazards into stratified risk 'bands', identifying commensurate controls to reduce the level of risk and promote worker health and safety. We review these qualitative solutions-based approaches and identify strengths and weaknesses toward designing a simplified CB 'toolbox' approach for use by SMEs in construction trades. RESULTS: This toolbox design proposal includes international input on multidisciplinary approaches for performing a qualitative risk assessment determining a risk 'band' for a given project. Risk bands are used to identify the appropriate level of training to oversee construction work, leading to commensurate and appropriate control methods to perform the work safely. CONCLUSION: The Construction Toolbox presents a review-generated format to harness multiple solutions-based national programs and publications for controlling construction-related risks with simplified approaches across the occupational safety, health and hygiene professions.
Construction Industry ; Hygiene ; Noise ; Occupational Health ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Management ; Silicon Dioxide ; Social Security ; Welding

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify health behaviors, physical function, and life satisfaction in elderly women. Also, the study was done to identify the relationship among the variables of health behaviors, physical function, and life satisfaction in elderly women. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 205 elderly women. Data were collected through personal interviews using questionnaires from March to October 2005. Data were analyzed with the SPSS program. Result: There was a significant difference in health behaviors related to spouse, life satisfaction and education, social security and monthly income. There were significant relationships among health behaviors, physical function, and life satisfaction for elderly women. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study give useful information for constructing a health-welfare program for elderly women.
Aged* ; Education ; Female ; Health Behavior* ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Social Security ; Spouses