PURPOSE: This study was performed to develope a scale of gender role identity in Korean adults based on the Bem's theory of androgyny. Although there were several tools in Korea, they were revealed having some problems of cultural differences, translation biases, and methodological problems. METHODS: A list of 78 items were developed using the existing tools and descriptions from 5 married couples. The items were the typical personality characteristics which were manifested by gender, male or female. And the list contained several items which were the socially desirable personality characteristics. which would be simply used as contextual items. Validity of the 78 items were screened by 18 expert panels with 4 point Likert scale, and 57 items were judged as highly valid from 70% of the experts, which were selected as preliminary items for the tool. Using the preliminary tool which was developed as a 4 point Likert scale, data were collected from 1,127 subjects for item analysis and factor analysis. 53 items were remained, because 4 items whose item-total correlation were lower than 0.2 were excluded by the result of item analysis. Factor analysis was done with the 53 items, and 49 items whose factor loadings were same and higher than 0.4 were remained. 3 factors were identified with eigen value 2.0, and these factors were named as masculinity, femininity, and social desirability. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: KGRII(Korean Gender Role Identity Inventory) which contained 45 items was developed, with 15 items for 3 factors. The reliability of the tool was very high. Cronbach alpha of the tool was 0.929, and alpha of the subscales were ranged from 0.841 to 0.922.
Adult ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Masculinity ; Social Desirability

The purpose of this study was to verify the reliability and validity of the Rosenbaum self-control schedule(SCS) for assessing resourcefulness in Korea and to explore the simplified scale. The study subjects consisted of 787 adults in a community. The data was collected during the period from Oct. to Dec., 1995 and analyzed as Cronbach alpha item correlation with total, Perarson correlation and factor analysis with varimax rotation using SAS. Results were as follows : The mean SCS score for this sample was 17.2 and there were statistical differences for gender(men, 13.1 ; women, 20.0) on the SCS scores. The cronbach alpha of SCS with 36 items was .74 and when simplified with 30 items, it's coefficient alpha was .78. The translated content of the SCS was validated by two nursing faculty members and one professor of psychology. Factor analysis revealed the most parsimonious structure was obtained when six factors were extracted and subsequently rotated via the varimax criterion. There was 40.2% of total communality variance in the SCS with 36 items. The total communality variance was slightly increased to 43.4% with 30 items of the SCS. In order to reduce from 36 items to 30 items, the process excepted 6 items having low item correlation with total and low MSA(means of sampling adequacy) of factor analysis. According to factor analysis, there are six factors such as emotion control, impulse control, self-efficacy, coping with problems, pain control and satisfaction control. The SCS was found to have low, but statistically significant, correlations with social desirability and helplessness. From the above results, it can be concluded that the reliability of the SCS(inherent and simplified) was a acceptable level and its validity was reasonable when comparing it with other validity studies. To determine the usefulness the simplified scale, further study is necessary to simultaneously compare and analyze both scales for stability.
Adult ; Faculty, Nursing ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Psychology ; Reproducibility of Results* ; Social Desirability ; Weights and Measures

The sibling relationship and its potential impact on neurodevelopment and mental health are important areas of neuroscientific research. Validation of the tools assessing the quality of the sibling relationship would be the first essential step for conducting neurobiological and psychosocial studies related to the sibling relationship. However, to the best of our knowledge, no sibling relationship assessment tools have been empirically validated in Korean. We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Lifespan Sibling Relationship Scale (LSRS), which is one of the most commonly used self-report questionnaires to assess the quality of the sibling relationship. A total of 109 adults completed a series of self-report questionnaires including the LSRS, the mental health subscale of the Medical Outcomes Study-Short Form 36 version 2 (SF36v2), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SLS), and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC-SDS). The internal consistency, subscale intercorrelations, one-week test-retest reliability, convergent validity, divergent validity, and the construct validity were assessed. All six subscale scores and the total score of the LSRS demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.85-0.94) and good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.77-0.92). Correlations of the LSRS with the SF36v2 mental health score (r=0.32, p=0.01) and with the SLS (r=0.27, p=0.04) supported the good convergent validity. The divergent validity was shown by the non-significant correlation of the LSRS with the MC-SDS (r=0.15, p=0.26). Two factors were extracted through factor analysis, which explained 78.63% of the total variance. The three Adult subscales loaded on the first factor and the three Child subscales loaded on the second factor. Results suggest that the Korean version of the LSRS is a reliable and valid tool for examining the sibling relationship.
Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results* ; Siblings* ; Social Desirability ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This investigation was carried out to understand how various gender role identity in adolescence affect sexual intercourse. In addition, it was done to support and encourage gender role identity which can protect themselves from physical, psychological, social sexuality. METHOD: From 2003 7.1 to 7.19, questionnaire made by Lee BS(2002) was distributed to 1172 girl high school students in Seoul. Its reliability was as high as 0.80 and it was analysed by SPSS. RESULT: In the 3 kinds of gender role identity, girls who had sexual relations showed higher feminity and masculinity and did not show any difference in social desirability. in the 4 kinds of gender role identity, girls with sexual experience showed higher frequency in oder of androgyny and undifferentiated. In 8kinds, bisexuality was higher and girls with experience showed undifferentiated of low social desirability. There were no difference between the gender role identity and the age of the first sexual experience. The factors that affected gender role identity were school, grade, economic standard and whether they have a girlfriend or boyfriend. CONCLUSION: Programs that focus on problem solving of sexual education for androgyny of sexually high experienced and undifferentiated of low social desirability, should be provided.
Adolescent ; Bisexuality ; Coitus* ; Education ; Female ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Masculinity ; Problem Solving ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul ; Sexuality ; Social Desirability

OBJECTIVES: This study was intended to compare psychiatric symptoms, neurocognitive function and quality of life between normal finding group and abnormal finding group on Brain-MRI. We investigated which variables were related to quality of life (QOL) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. METHODS: Among thirty nine patients who had mild to moderate TBI, twenty two patients (57%) showed abnormal brain MRI findings correlated with their injury and 17 patients (43%) showed normal or nonspecific brain MRI findings. All patients completed Symptom check list-90-revised (SCL-90-R), Beck depression inventory (BDI), State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI), Korean version of the Smith Kline Beecham Quality of Life scale (KvSBQOL) and Marlowe-Crown Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS). Two psychiatrists assessed the patients using Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAMD), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) and Functional assessment scale (FAS). In addition, Korean Wechsler Adult intelligence Scale (K-WAIS), Rey-Kim Memory Test (R-KMT) and Kims frontal-executive neuropsychological test (KF-ENT) were assessed. RESULTS: On FAS, the mean score was significantly lower in the abnormal finding on B-MRI group than the normal finding group (p=0.014). In the patients with abnormal MRI findings, the QOL scores significantly correlated with several subscales of SCL-90-R (obsessive-compulsive, depression, anxiety, global severity index and positive symptom total), FAS and memory quotient after controlling for MCSDS. However, in the patients with normal MRI findings, QOL scores significantly correlated with BDI and all subscales of SCL-90-R. When all pertinent variables were entered in stepwise regression analysis, depression (p<0.05) and interpersonal sensitivity (p<0.05) subscales of SCL-90-R explained 38.5% and 17.7% of the variance of the QOL score in patients with abnormal MRI findings. As for the patients with normal MRI findings, depression (p<0.05) subscale of SCL-90-R accounted for 54.2% of the variance of the QOL score. CONCLUSION: TBI patients who have persisting abnormal brain findings suffered from impaired daily functioning. Depression and interpersonal sensitivity explained 55% of the variance of the QOL together. In the patients with normal brain MRI findings, objective depression or anxiety did not correlate with QOL whereas subjective depressive symptom accounted for 54.2% of the variance of the QOL. This study suggests that subjective psychiatric symptoms including depression significantly correlated with the subjective QOL of TBI patients regardless of their brain MRI finding.
Adult ; Anxiety ; Brain ; Brain Injuries* ; Depression ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Memory ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychiatry ; Quality of Life* ; Social Desirability

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore suicidal ideation among adolescents and to identify the factors that may increase the likelihood of suicidal ideation among adolescents. The factors included depression, individuality, relatedness, cognitive deconstruction, social desirability, and alexithymia. METHODS: The data were collected from March 4 to May 29, 2009 from 1,519 adolescents who were conveniently selected from five different middle and high schools in Seoul. The data were analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistics, correlation, and stepwise multiple linear regression with the SPSS/WIN program. RESULTS: The major findings of this study were: 1) More than 30% of the participants had a history of having suicidal ideation while 6.3% had attempted suicide. 2) Suicidal ideation was positively related to depression, alexithymia, and cognitive deconstruction and negatively related to relatedness and social desirability. 3) Regression analysis showed 29% of variance in suicidal ideation can be explained by depression, individuality, cognitive deconstruction, living with father, living alone, and living with relatives. CONCLUSION: Adolescents with depression, higher individuality, cognitive deconstruction, and not living with their parents require more attention to prevent suicide. It is necessary to develop programs to prevent adolescents' suicide.
Adolescent* ; Affective Symptoms ; Depression ; Fathers ; Humans ; Individuality ; Linear Models ; Parents ; Psychology* ; Seoul ; Social Desirability ; Suicidal Ideation* ; Suicide ; Suicide, Attempted

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate shame-related adjectives in the Korean language and to explore the factor structure of these adjectives. METHODS: Shame-related words were extracted from an adjectives checklist, the Korean Dictionary, the Korean Synonym Dictionary, and various shame scales developed by Western investigators. A questionnaire (the Korean Shame Scale: KSS) was constructed from 62 selected adjectives, and administered to 210 college students and 204 adults. The subjects also completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Brief-Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, the Revised Cheek & Buss Shyness Scale, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. RESULTS: A principal component analysis of the KSS data revealed a four factor structure: mortification, modesty, shyness, and embarrassment. All except the modesty factor showed significant correlations with depression, fear of negative evaluation, social avoidance and distress, and shyness. The college student group reported experiencing a shame-related distressful emotion more frequently than the adult group. CONCLUSION: Shame was found to be a complex psychological construct composed of quite different emotions. These emotions not only included painful feelings and uncomfortable self-consciousness, but were also related to personality traits and interpersonal attitudes.
Adult ; Checklist ; Cheek ; Depression ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Humans ; Principal Component Analysis ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Research Personnel ; Shame ; Shyness ; Social Desirability ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate shame-related adjectives in the Korean language and to explore the factor structure of these adjectives. METHODS: Shame-related words were extracted from an adjectives checklist, the Korean Dictionary, the Korean Synonym Dictionary, and various shame scales developed by Western investigators. A questionnaire (the Korean Shame Scale: KSS) was constructed from 62 selected adjectives, and administered to 210 college students and 204 adults. The subjects also completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Brief-Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, the Revised Cheek & Buss Shyness Scale, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. RESULTS: A principal component analysis of the KSS data revealed a four factor structure: mortification, modesty, shyness, and embarrassment. All except the modesty factor showed significant correlations with depression, fear of negative evaluation, social avoidance and distress, and shyness. The college student group reported experiencing a shame-related distressful emotion more frequently than the adult group. CONCLUSION: Shame was found to be a complex psychological construct composed of quite different emotions. These emotions not only included painful feelings and uncomfortable self-consciousness, but were also related to personality traits and interpersonal attitudes.
Adult ; Checklist ; Cheek ; Depression ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Humans ; Principal Component Analysis ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Research Personnel ; Shame ; Shyness ; Social Desirability ; Weights and Measures