In the face of rapid changes of society and medical environment, we now come to a crisis in which the identity of psychiatry is threatened. The regulations of a society are rules made in order to govern the way its activities are done or to control the way its members behave. So, the amendment of the regulations of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association (KNPA) are needed to cope with current difficulties efficiently. The planning committee drew up a revised version of regulations based on the intent of KNPA, i.e., developing neuropsychiatry, enhancing the mental health of people, promoting friendship among the members and extending the rights of members. As the need of the hour, the establishment of an institute to carry out the development of mental health polices on a long-term basis, the reestablishment of the relations with connected organizations and academic societies, and the reconstitution of the KNPA organization to heighten the efficiency of operations were chosen. In this article, the details of revised regulations were proposed and discussed.
Friends ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Neuropsychiatry ; Social Control, Formal*

Medical Act is the substantial law regulating medical service providers' qualification, rights and obligations, and regulating establishment and management of medical institutions. The Korean Medical Act was enacted in 1951 in the commencement, and revised about 30 times until now. But, there were only 2 total revision, in 1962 and 1973. From that on, for the purpose of adopting to changing medical circumstances and easing unnecessary regulations, the necessity of total revision was proposed continuously. At last in August 2006, Ministry of Health and Welfare (Department of Medical Care Policy) established 'Medical Act Revision Task Force Team', and then 9 conferences were held. But, The Korean Medical Association objected to the revised bill very intensively. The first reason is that the bill was made in a mad rush, and the second reason is that the bill restricts medical doctors' self-regulation and discretion too much.
Advisory Committees ; Congresses as Topic ; Human Rights ; Jurisprudence ; Social Control, Formal

OBJECTIVE: To seek and ascertain indicators that can be used in the civil competence assessment of the mental disorders involved in compensation of personal injury. METHODS: A retrospective study was made on the data related to the interviewee's mental status assessed by forensic experts during the period from 2003 to 2005 in Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, P.R.China. The 6 indicators, including awareness of situation, factual understanding of issues, appreciation of likely consequences, rational manipulation of information, functioning in one's own environment, and communication of choice, were graded and statistically analyzed using SPSS 11.5 software. RESULTS: The 6 indicators correlated well with the assessment of forensic experts ,with the related coefficient between 0.632 and 0.876, and the inter-related coefficient among the 6 indicators between 0.575 and 0.911. CONCLUSION The 6 indicators could be used for the civil competence assessment and may also be taken as the basis for further standardization and quantification of civil competence.
Antisocial Personality Disorder/diagnosis* ; Compensation and Redress/legislation & jurisprudence* ; Expert Testimony/legislation & jurisprudence* ; Forensic Psychiatry ; Humans ; Insanity Defense ; Mental Competency/legislation & jurisprudence* ; Psychotic Disorders/diagnosis* ; Wounds and Injuries/economics*

The “fourth industrial revolution” (FIR) is an age of advanced technology based on information and communication. FIR has a more powerful impact on the economy than in the past. However, the prospects for the labor environment are uncertain. The purpose of this study is to anticipate and prepare for occupational health and safety (OHS) issues.In FIR, nonstandard employment will be common. As a result, it is difficult to receive OHS services and compensation. Excessive trust in new technologies can lead to large-scale or new forms of accidents. Global business networks will cause destruction of workers' biorhythms, some cancers, overwork, and task complexity. The social disconnection because of an independent work will be a risk for worker's mental health. The union bonds will weaken, and it will be difficult to apply standardized OHS regulations to multinational enterprises.To cope with the new OHS issues, we need to establish new concepts of "decent work” and standardize regulations, which apply to enterprises in each country, develop public health as an OHS service, monitor emerging OHS events and networks among independent workers, and nurture experts who are responsible for new OHS issues.
Commerce ; Compensation and Redress ; Employment ; Mental Health ; Occupational Health ; Periodicity ; Public Health ; Social Control, Formal ; Workers' Compensation

Attitude to Health ; Civil Defense ; ethics ; Communicable Disease Control ; Communication ; Ethics, Medical ; Freedom ; Health Personnel ; ethics ; Health Planning ; ethics ; Health Priorities ; ethics ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; Mandatory Programs ; ethics ; Moral Obligations ; Pandemics ; ethics ; Patient Rights ; ethics ; Primary Health Care ; ethics ; Public Health ; ethics ; Public Health Administration ; ethics ; Resource Allocation ; ethics ; Singapore ; Trust

The Ministry of Health and Welfare introduced a new reimbursement system called the Eligibility Management System in Medical Aid in July 2007. The operation of this system is interlocked with patient care programs of medical institutions. The new system was expected to realize effective management of the eligibility of beneficiaries by interactive communications between medical institutions and the National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC) and thereby improve financial stabilization of the reimbursement system and optimize healthcare practices by preventing moral hazards in the relationship between beneficiaries and medical institutions. For the effective operation of this system, however, several drawbacks need to be resolved; firstly, one can currently use the system only through the internet, secondly, there is a legal issue that medical institutions are the subject of the management of eligibility, and lastly, healthcare information needs to be transferred to NHIC in a real-time manner. Particularly the last one needs a special attention because it can raise critical concerns of potential violation of human rights of patients and unnecessary regulations of medical practices.
Delivery of Health Care ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Internet ; National Health Programs ; Patient Care ; Social Control, Formal

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a protocol that would help prevent accidents, apply physical restraints properly, and reduce the use of physical restraints in nursing homes. METHOD: A review of the literature and analysis of existing statutes and regulations were used to develop the preliminary protocol. To test the validity of this preliminary protocol, ten experts were selected from academia and clinical practice to review the protocol. The initial protocol was finalized after it had been reviewed by experts and tested for clinical validity in five different nursing homes. RESULT: The protocol consists of objectives, definitions and accident probability assessment, principle of using physical restraints, monitoring and documentation of physical restraints. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study can be used as guidelines to focus on preventing accidents arising out of use of physical restraints, assessing the probability of accidents, and reducing the use of physical restraints through preventive interventions. This will be helpful to prevent ethical, physical, or psychological problems arising from use of physical restraints and to protect the rights of elderly people in nursing homes.
Aged ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Nursing Homes* ; Nursing* ; Restraint, Physical* ; Social Control, Formal

BACKGROUND: Mystery shopping is a method in which a company monitors quality of service and employee conduct and compliance with regulations using an evaluator posing as a customer. It is a typical tool of customer-centered bureaucratic control insofar as it provides overall and standardized evaluation of intangible elements of customer service as well as physical elements of service environments. The purpose of this study is to examine how mystery shopping is related to the health status of service workers in South Korea.METHODS: Data from semistructured interviews with 15 workers were collected from January to April 2019 to obtain information on service worker experiences with mystery shopping. Data were analyzed using the constant comparison method.RESULTS: Mystery shopping limits worker autonomy and stiffens the workplace environment by standardizing and monitoring labor processes for service workers. In addition, mystery shopping heightens work stress through increased labor intensity. Five mechanisms by which mystery shopping affects service worker health are identified and comprise (1) multifaceted and multilayered surveillance, (2) evaluator subjectivity and irrational requirements, (3) standardized rules combined with high pressure to achieve sales, (4) self-esteem degradation because of evaluator results, and (5) musculoskeletal disorders because of strict adherence to labor processes based on evaluator results.CONCLUSION: Mystery shopping as an evaluation method should be reconsidered not only in terms of health problems but also in terms of organizational efficiency and issues of human rights.
Commerce ; Compliance ; Efficiency, Organizational ; Human Rights ; Korea ; Methods ; Social Control, Formal

PURPOSE: Needs for reevaluation of food code standards and regulations for cooked foods produced in restaurants and institutional foodservice to minimize risk factors leading to foodborne outbreaks are on the rise. The purpose of the study was to propose updated standards for cooked foods of restaurants by testing whether or not experts agree to include them as a standard. METHODS: Qualitative and quantitative research methods were applied via a survey by email and workshop hold for experts panel discussions. RESULTS: Seven newly proposed standards were selected as follows: (1) sanitizing vegetables and fruits with no heating process after washing, (2) rapid cooling of cooked foods after heating process, (3) monitoring cooking temperatures, (4) minimum 2 hours holding after cooking for temperature control of safety (TCS) foods without temperature control, (5) banning practices for workers such as bare hands handling of ready-to-eat foods, (6) maintaining cleanliness of food contact surfaces for disposable products, and (7) cold holding standards for sushi. CONCLUSION: The proposed proposal can be utilized as control measures for preventing foodborne illness in restaurants. However, a feasibility study should be conducted to test whether they are applicable to the field of restaurant operation.
Cooking ; Disease Outbreaks ; Education ; Electronic Mail ; Expert Testimony* ; Feasibility Studies ; Fruit ; Hand ; Heating ; Hot Temperature ; Hygiene* ; Restaurants* ; Risk Factors ; Social Control, Formal ; Vegetables

The objectives of this study are (1) to examine the training and working conditions of residents after revision of the 'Regulations on Specialist Training and Accreditation,' (2) to determine the causes of problems with these training and working conditions, and (3) to seek improvement in these conditions. A questionnaire survey was conducted over two weeks. A total of 10,768 respondents and 1,793 valid responses were analyzed. Although revised regulations had been implemented, training conditions did not appear to have undergone any improvements. 52.9% of residents work over 80 hours per week and 27.1% respondents exceeded 100 hours per week. 76.9% of respondents indicated that they exceed the maximum continuous training time of 36 hours. 64.5% of respondents said their emergency room training time was over 12 hours. 25.4% of respondents' duty days exceeded three days a week. 34.7% of respondents said that they had less than three days off per month. The proportion of those with annual leave under 14 days is 70.2%. For substantive improvements in training and working conditions, new plans must consider practical factors in the implementation of improvements. This requires a governance structure based on participation, and an independent, objective training evaluation organization should be established to perform a reliable assessment. Above all, the government financial compensation plan must prepare for improving the training environment.
Compensation and Redress ; Education ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Social Control, Formal ; Specialization ; Surveys and Questionnaires