No abstract available.
Social Change*

Asia-Pacific is one of the most densely populated regions of the world and is experiencing rapid economic changes and urbanization. Environmental pollution is a significant problem associated with the rapid modernization of many cities in South Asia. It is not surprising that the prevalences of asthma and allergies are increasing rapidly, although the underlying reasons remain largely unknown. Many studies from this region have documented the changing prevalence of allergic diseases in various parts of the world. However, the methodologies used were neither standardized nor validated, making the results difficult to evaluate. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) has provided a global epidemiology map of asthma and allergic diseases, as well as the trend of changes in the prevalence of these diseases. Allergic sensitization is extremely common in many Asian communities. However, the prevalence of allergic diseases remains relatively rare. The rapid urbanization in the region, which increases environmental pollution and can affect the rural environment, will likely increase the prevalence of asthma and allergies in Asia.
Asia ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Asthma ; Environmental Pollution ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Prevalence ; Social Change ; Urbanization

Background: The current Policies, Standards and Guidelines for Speech Pathology Education of the Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines includes competencies that prepare speech pathology graduates for roles in social development such as being advocates and community-based therapists. These need to be further explored to guide practitioners in defining their roles from those of the clinicians, educators, or researchers. Objective: This preliminary study explored the perceptions of Filipino speech-language pathologists on their roles in social development. Methodology: This study used a qualitative design through focus group interviews. Seven participants were selected through purposive sampling and assigned to one of two group interviews. The participants were members of the Philippine Association of Speech-Language Pathologists, living in Metro Manila, and had been involved in community programs in varied capacities. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results and Discussion: Three roles of speech-language pathologists in social development were identified: (1) being an advocate for the profession and for people with disabilities, (2) health service educator which involves imparting knowledge and training people from the community, and (3) a community-based therapist. Conclusions The results provide insights into the areas of competence necessary in community service and development to further inform the 2017 CHED memorandum and help design specific courses that equip graduates to assume the role of a social advocate. Competencies related to these roles in social development can still be further clarified by future research and should be specifically targeted in the curricula.
Role ; Social Change

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and morbidity worldwide. The occurrence of stroke is strongly dependent on well-known vascular risk factors. After rapid modernization, urbanization, and mechanization, East Asian countries have experienced growth in their aged populations, as well as changes in lifestyle and diet. This phenomenon has increased the prevalence of vascular risk factors among Asian populations, which are susceptible to developing cardiovascular risk factors. However, differing patterns of stroke risk factor profiles have been noted in East Asian countries over the past decades. Even though the prevalence of vascular risk factors has changed, hypertension is still prevalent and the burden of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia will continue to increase. Asia remains a high tobacco-consuming area. Although indicators of awareness and management of vascular risk factors have increased in many East Asian countries, their rates still remain low. Here we review the burdens of traditional risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking in East Asia. We will also discuss the different associations between these vascular risk factors and stroke in Asian and non-Asian populations.
Asia ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cause of Death ; Diet ; Epidemiology ; Far East* ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia ; Hypertension ; Life Style ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Social Change ; Stroke* ; Urbanization

The pharmaceutical branch has afforded for the recent five years to implement the objectives, including supply the drug with high quality and safe, rational and effective use of drugs. The implementation of solutions in the national drug policy contributed to the industrialization and modernization of pharmaceutical branch
Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Public Policy ; Industry ; Social Change

Orthognathic Surgery ; Politics ; Prognosis ; Social Change

Amid the modernization and internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), the safety of TCM has attracted much attention. At the moment, the government, scientific research teams, and pharmaceutical enterprises have made great efforts to explore methods and techniques for clinical safety evaluation of TCM. Although considerable achievements have been made, there are still many problems, such as the non-standard terms of adverse reactions of TCM, unclear evaluation indicators, unreasonable judgment methods, lack of evaluation models, out-of-date evaluation standards, and unsound reporting systems. Therefore, it is urgent to further deepen the research mode and method of clinical safety evaluation of TCM. Based on the current national requirements for the life-cycle management of drugs, this study focused on the problems in the five dimensions of clinical safety evaluation of TCM, including normative terms, evaluation modes, judgment methods, evaluation standards, and reporting systems, and proposed suggestions on the development of a life-cycle clinical safety evaluation method that conformed to the characteristics of TCM, hoping to provide a reference for future research.
Medicine, Chinese Traditional/adverse effects* ; Social Change

The purpose of this study is to develop a model of medical cyber education. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, the authors examined the social changes in the future, the shift of educational paradigm, the status of regulations and policy of cyber education, and local educational system of cyber education. The study went through analysis of related literature and received advises from the experts. The model of medical cyber education consists of the following contents; the purpose of the establishment, administrative structure, curriculum, cyber lectures, student administration, internal and external joint relationships and advertising. The expectations of such development are as follows; the implementation of medical cyber education system goes along with the recent trend of student-centered educational system and constructivism, and will expand the social recognition and the accountability of medical schools.
Curriculum ; Education* ; Humans ; Joints ; Lectures ; Schools, Medical* ; Social Change ; Social Control, Formal ; Social Responsibility

The Korean Journal of Medical History published in 1992 provides spaces for publication to medical historians who have been growing increasingly since the 1990s, thereby stimulating studies in the modern history of medicine in Korea. Through research published in the Korean Journal of Medical History and other journals, the course through which medicine in Korea in the modern times has been formed and the content of medicine that composed that course are elucidated. This article concludes that the various research tend to posit the view that the modern history of medicine in Korea evolves through a process of accommodation with Western medicine rather than being a complete transplantation of Western medicine, and describes medicine as it is viewed by consumers rather than the operators of medicine. How government power or colonial power utilized medicine in order to stabilize their rule is also a common theme. Now, it is come time to interrogate the viewpoints and analytical methods of medical history studies. Given that medicine is one area that drives changes in Korea in contemporary times, the outcomes obtained through this field can be sufficiently utilized when studying other areas. For instance, agony over the modernity of missionary medicine being studied recently provides meaningful implications in understanding the modernity of Korea. However, the importance of substantiation should not be overlooked as theories not supported by thorough documentary evidence are weak.
History, 20th Century ; Korea ; Publishing/history ; Research/*history ; Social Change

As the average life expectancy of women increases, the family and social roles of postmenopausal women have become more important. With the growing number of dual-income households, postmenopausal grandmothers occupy a large role in child-rearing. Postmenopausal women mainly experience social changes as a family member along with personal changes. Postmenopausal women face changes in physical and mental aspects due to drastic hormonal changes. Grandmothers sharing the burden of raising children are actually encountering a number of challenges while dealing with hardships to adapt to physical and mental changes at the same time. It is thought to be important to understand the impact of raising grandchildren on physical and mental conditions among grandmothers experiencing hardships between social reality and personal changes from medical perspective based on sociological studies. Focusing mainly on studies on related fields, this study aims to investigate personal and social supports from medical perspective and to device practical measures.
Child ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Social Change