Clozapine is a well-known antipsychotic which causes hematologic adverse effects, specifically neutropenia and agranulocytosis (1-3% of patients). However, reports on blood dyscrasias like anemia and thrombocytosis after clozapine treatment are extremely rare. In some cases re-challenge of clozapine could lead to hematopoietic abnormality related to thrombocytopenia or thrombocytosis, which may be a result of an immune reaction. This case report suggests that clinicians should monitor platelet count after re-treatment with clozapine.
Agranulocytosis ; Anemia* ; Clozapine ; Neutropenia ; Platelet Count ; Thrombocytopenia ; Thrombocytosis*

Objective: Among old adults, caring for a spouse with cognitive decline is well-known to be associated with significant risk to the caregiver’s health such as cardiovascular disease, depression and, especially, cognitive impairment. It is important to understand the caregiving-related risk factors for caregiver’s cognitive decline. Therefore, in this study, we examined the impact of caregiver’s burden on the modifiable lifestyle factors influencing cognitive decline among spousal caregivers (SCGs), focusing on nutritional status which contribute to SCG’s cognitive decline. Methods: A total of 44 subjects were included in the analysis. As clinical assessment, we evaluated the care burden (Zarit Burden Interview), depression (Geriatric Depression Scale), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE) physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), and nutritional status (Mini Nutritional Assessment). Results: High Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) score and low MMSE score were significantly correlated with increased care burden. The SCG’s caregiving burden was significantly associated with the risk of malnutrition and increased level of depressed mood. These significant relationships unchanged even after adjusting for care-recipient’s MMSE or NPI score. Conclusion This study provides substantial evidence that SCGs of cognitive impairment are at risk for depression and malnutrition, which can further affect cognitive decline. As such, these factors should be well assessed and monitored among SCGs for patient with cognitive impairment.

Objective: To identify the factors associated with unsuccessful pessary fitting and reasons for pessary discontinuation in Korean women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Methods: The medical records of 234 patients who underwent pessary fitting for the management of symptomatic POP were retrospectively reviewed. A ring pessary with or without support was used. Successful pessary fitting was defined as the ability to wear a pessary for 2 weeks without any discomfort. Factors associated with unsuccessful pessary fitting were determined using a multivariable logistic regression analysis. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was obtained to examine the probability of continuing pessary use over the follow-up period. The reasons for the discontinuation of pessary were identified. Results: Two-hundred-and-twenty-five women were included in the analysis. The rate of unsuccessful pessary fitting was 40%. Prior hysterectomy (odds ratio [OR], 4.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.81-9.42) and POP quantification stage III-IV (OR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.28-4.85) were independent risk factors for unsuccessful pessary fitting. Among the patients with successful pessary fitting, the median time to discontinuation of pessary use was 4 years. The most common causes of discontinued use were vaginal erosion (45.3%) and urinary incontinence (26.5%). Conclusion Patients with a history of hysterectomy and advanced-stage POP are at risk for an unsuccessful fitting of the ring pessary. Vaginal erosion is the main reason for discontinued use among patients with successful pessary fitting.

The purpose of the study was to examine the adolescents' awareness and practice of Dietary Action Guide for Adolescence, which was developed by the Ministry of Health & Welfare. Subjects were middle and high school students, selected one class each from all of the 16 provinces in Korea, which were 32 schools and 998 students all together. The subjects were asked to self-evaluate the degree of awareness and practice of Dietary Action Guide using the 5 point-Likert scale from July to September, 2010. On average, 55.1% of the students responded that they were aware of the Dietary Action Guide and 49.4% answered that they put Guidelines into practice. The average score of awareness and practice were 3.54 +/- 0.24 and 3.42 +/- 0.33, respectively. The awareness score was higher than those of practice score in all the questions in the 6 categories. Awareness score of female students was higher than those of male students but there was no difference by residence area. Awareness and practice of the nutrition education-experienced were higher than those of the inexperienced. Practice score was higher among middle school-students compared to high school students, which reflected the opportunity of taking nutrition related classes. This finding shows that nutrition education for adolescents is important to change their dietary behaviors regardless of gender, residence area and school level.
Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male

PURPOSE: Our aim was to investigate the predictive factors for detecting grade III-V vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) in young infants less than 3 months with urinary tract infections (UTI). METHODS: Data of infants who underwent ultrasonography and VCUG between January 2004 and September 2007 were reviewed. Age, gender, incidence of bacteremia, C-reactive protein(CRP) and imaging studies were compared between group I(grade III-V VUR) and group II (normal or grade I and II VUR) retrospectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, odds ratio, and likelihood ratio of ultrasonography for high grade VUR were evaluated. RESULTS: Among 54 enrolled infants(41 males, 13 females), 14 infants were group I and 40 infants were group II. In the group I, CRP level was significantly higher(6.11+/-5.18 vs. 3.27+/-3.45, P=0.025), and there were more ultrasonographic abnormal findings(71.4%, vs. 22.5%, P=0.002) compared with group II. However, ultrasonography was the only significant factor after adjusting with logistic regression(P=0.002). Incidence of bacteremia and abnormal DMSA findings were not significantly different in two groups. Sensitivity, specificity, and odds ratio of ultrasonography was 71.4%, 77.5%, 6.9 respectively. Negative predictive value was 88.6% and negative likelihood ratio was 0.37. Ultrasonography had significant negative likelihood ratio for grade III-V VUR, but missed 4 infants with grade III VUR. CONCLUSION: We could not find any alternative predictive factors to reduce VCUG in detecting high grade VUR. Therefore, VCUG must be considered in young infants less than 3 months with UTI.
Bacteremia ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Prednisolone ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Succimer ; Urinary Tract ; Urinary Tract Infections ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux

Recurrent bacterial meningitis can be caused by acquired or congenital anatomic defects, infection, or alterations in immune mechanism. Intracranial anatomical defects possibly combined with trauma can be the major cause of recurrent bacterial meningitis. Mucocele is a chronic, expansile and cyst-like lesion of the paranasal sinuses, most frequently found in the frontal sinus containing sterile mucoid secretions. Secondary infection of a mucocele may create a pyocele. Although pathogenesis of a primary mucoceles remains uncertain, causatives factors of secondary mucoceles have been suggested to include chronic inflammation, trauma, allergy and obstructing tumors. We experienced a case of recurrent bacterial meningitis with frontal sinus mucocele, which might be secondary to cranial trauma.
Coinfection ; Frontal Sinus ; Hypersensitivity ; Inflammation ; Meningitis, Bacterial* ; Mucocele* ; Paranasal Sinuses

OBJECTIVES: Self perceived body image among women is drawing a lot of attention in Korea due to their unhealthy weight control behaviors. To determine the relationship between self-perceived body image and dietary behaviors among Korean women, the discrepancy between actual body size and body image perception, weight control behaviors were assessed based on age groups using the 2010 KNHANES data. METHODS: A total of 1,747 subjects were selected after eliminating those of likely changing their diet recently using the 2010 KNHANES data. The subjects were divided into 3 groups, self-underweight, self-normal, and self-obese according to their perception of body image. The BMI and weight control behaviors were assessed based on age groups according to the body image perception. RESULTS: The younger, the higher ratio of underweight, women perceived their body size as normal or overweight. Exercise and reduced food intakes were dominant among various weight control methods but unhealthy methods were dominant among self perceived overweight group. CONCLUSIONS: Incorrect body image perception and unhealthy weight control behaviors can cause nutritional problems. Nutritional education should emphasize the importance of healthy weight and proper body image perception for Korean women.
Body Image* ; Body Size ; Diet ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Overweight ; Thinness ; Weight Perception

BACKGROUND: Hypopituitarism is associated with osteoporosis and osteopenia especially when hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is present. Despite hypopituitarism being an important cause of secondary osteoporosis, osteoporosis in patients receiving surgery for pituitary tumors in Korea has not been studied. In this study, we evaluated the effects of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on bone mineral density (BMD) in postoperative hypogonadal patients with pituitary tumors. METHODS: To examine the effect of TRT on BMD, we performed a retrospective observational study in 21 postoperative male patients who underwent pituitary tumor surgery between 2003 and 2012 at the Ajou University Hospital. Testosterone was replaced in postoperative hypogonadal patients by regular intramuscular injection, daily oral medication, or application of transdermal gel. BMD (g/cm2) measurements of central skeletal sites (lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total femur) were obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (GE Lunar). For lumbar spine BMD, L1 to L4 values were chosen for analysis. Femur neck and total femur were also analyzed. RESULTS: During the follow-up period (mean, 56 months; range, 12 to 99 months) serum testosterone levels increased with the administration of TRT (P=0.007). There was significant improvement (4.56%+/-9.81%) in the lumbar spine BMD compared to baseline BMD. There were no significant changes in the femur neck BMD or total femur BMD. We did not find any statistically significant relationships between changes in testosterone levels and BMD using Spearman correlation analysis. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that TRT used in the postoperative period for hypogonadal pituitary tumor surgery patients may have beneficial effects on the BMD of the spine.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Bone Density* ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic ; Femur ; Femur Neck ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Hypopituitarism ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Korea ; Male* ; Observational Study ; Osteoporosis ; Pituitary Neoplasms* ; Postoperative Period ; Retrospective Studies ; Spine ; Testosterone*

The molecular genetics of colorectal cancers (CRCs) is among the best understood of common human cancers. It is difficult to predict the prognosis and/or to predict chemoresponding in CRC patients. At present, prognosis is based predominantly on the tumor stage and pathological examination of the disease. Molecular classification of CRCs, based on genomics and transcriptomics, proposed that CRCs can be classified into at least three-to-six subtypes, depending on the gene expression pattern, and groups of marker genes representing to each subtype have also been reported. Gene expression-based subtyping is now widely accepted as a relevant source of disease stratification. We reviewed the previous studies on CRC subtyping, international consortium dedicated to large-scale data sharing and analytics recently established four consensus molecular subtypes with distinguishing features. Predictive markers identified in these studies are under investigation and large-scale clinical evaluations of molecular markers are currently in progress.
Classification* ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Consensus ; Gene Expression ; Genomics ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; Molecular Biology ; Molecular Medicine ; Molecular Typing ; Prognosis

BACKGROUND: In a noisy hospital setting, it is not easy to induce hypnosis or sedation calmly. Although the noise stress has been neglected, it seems to disturb a patient's sleep or induction of sedation. Therefore, we tried to evaluate the effects of loud operating room (OR) background noise on bispectral index (BIS) during monitored anesthesia care (MAC) by using an audiometer and BIS monitor. METHODS: Thirty adult patients (ASA class I) were scheduled two times for nasal or dental procedures at an interval of two or three days. In a randomized, cross-over study design, we prospectively compared the BIS values according to the loudness of OR noise in two different depths of sedation during MAC. Propofol target controlled infusion (TCI) was started at a propofol target concentration (CT) 2.0 microgram/ml using a DiprifusorTM with flash mode until a BIS 80 and/or a modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (mOAAS) score of 4 (group 1), and BIS 75 and/or mOAAS score 3 (group 2) was obtained. We evaluated the effect site concentrations and the elapsed time and checked the BIS at 50, 80, 110, and 120 dB of sound pressure level (SPL) in both groups. RESULTS: The BIS at 80, 110 and 120 dB of SPL in group 1 was significantly increased compared to those at 50 dB (P < 0.05). Similarly, the BIS at 110 and 120 dB of SPL in group 1 was significantly increased compared to those at 80 dB (P < 0.05). The patients in their twenties were most susceptible to loud OR noise during sedation. CONCLUSIONS: The loud OR background noise might be possible to interfere with induction of sedation to a degree, which was more noticeable on light to moderate sedation than for deep sedation.
Adult ; Anesthesia* ; Conscious Sedation ; Cross-Over Studies ; Deep Sedation ; Humans ; Hypnosis ; Noise* ; Operating Rooms* ; Propofol ; Prospective Studies