PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the alcohol drinking pattern of parents and to analyze drinking related factors in problem drinking among adolescent's parents. METHOD: This study was conducted through a structured questioning from November 5th to 22th in 2002. Those are 2,522 parents of the students of the 1st and 2nd grade who were selected randomly among 26 middle and high schools located in Socho-gu, Seoul. Data was analyzed using SAS program that included descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULT: 1. For frequency of drinking, 33.1% of the subjects responded to drink two-four times a month, 26.0% drink more than two times a week. 2. For the amount of drinking, 29.6% drink one or two glasses while 9.4% drink over ten glasses at a time. 3. The mean AUDIT score was 8.27+/-7.02(score of range: 0-40). 4. Based on AUDIT score, drinkers with less than eight point from AUDIT(normal group) were 55.1%, from more than eight point to less than twelve point from AUDIT(problematic drinker) were 16.3%, and more than twelve point from AUDIT(alcohol abuse and dependency) were 28.6%. 5. Based on more than twelve point from AUDIT, female(mother), high school and, have religion, housekeeper were the significantly higher score than counter parts. CONCLUSION: Alcohol drinking pattern and level of drinking of their parents links to their children's drinking and results in family, social, and national loss. Active prevention is needed. Specially, pertinent education about drinking and public education for mothers who are housekeepers should be carried out with concentrated intervention programs for the problematic drinker so alcohol abuse and dependency can be reduced.
Alcohol Drinking* ; Alcoholism ; Drinking* ; Education ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Mothers ; Parents* ; Seoul ; Child Health

BACKGROUND: Epinephrine itself interacts with adrenergic receptors to block pain transmission pathways. Intrathecal co-administration of morphine and epinephrine results in a near maximal increase in the nociceptive threshold. This study was designed to investigate the influence of different dosages of epinephrine on the postoperative pain relief through intrathecal morphine in lower extremity surgery. METHOD: Thirty patients, ASA physical status I or II, undergoing orthopedic surgery of lower extremities were selected and randomly divided into two groups as follows: Group I (n=15); bupivacaine, morphine 0.2 mg with epinephrine 0.12 mg. Group II (n=15); bupivacaine, morphine 0.2 mg with epinephrine 0.2 mg. With patients lateral in the decubitus position, a 25-gauge spinal needle was introduced into the subarachnoid space. Patients were turned to the supine position, and sensory levels were checked by pin-prick tests at the midclavicle level , and the degree of motor block by Bromage scale every 5 minutes. The two segment regression time was measured every 20 minutes. During the postoperative day and the second day, their analgesic effects were evaluated by use of the visual analogous scale (0~10). The side effects were also evaluated. RESULTS: There were no difference between both groups in sensory level and two-segment regression time. Motor block in 5, 10, 15 minutes was more intense in group II. Also, there were no significant difference in the analgesic effects and the incidence of side effects, such as nausea or pruritus. CONCLUSION: There were no significant dose effects of epinephrine added to intrathecal morphine for postoperative pain relief undergoing lower extremities surgery.
Analgesia* ; Bupivacaine ; Epinephrine* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lower Extremity ; Morphine* ; Nausea ; Needles ; Orthopedics ; Pain, Postoperative ; Pruritus ; Receptors, Adrenergic ; Subarachnoid Space ; Supine Position

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The identification of a specific etiology of effusive pericardial disease is difficult because of the limited yield of cytologic and microbiologic pericardial fluid analysis. We performed retrospective study to find out whether pericardial biopsy was superior to pericardial fluid analysis in search of the etiology of pericardial effusion. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We reviewed 76 cases of moderate to severe pericardial effusion on which we performed surgical pericardial biopsy from Sep. 1986 to Sep. 1996. The results of pericardial fluid analysis, clinical manifestation, pericardial biopsy were compared retrospectively. RESULTS: 1)Clinical diagnosis of pericardial effusion were as follow:neoplastic disease (7.9%), tuberculosis (72.4%), constrictive pericarditis (17.1%), and others (2.6%). 2)By the percutaneous pericardial biopsy, we confirmed 19 cases (25%). Etiology of 4 cases (5.3%) were malignancy and 15 cases (19.7%) tuberculosis. Fifteen out of 76 patients who were diagnosed by biopsy as tuberculous pericarditis and 28 patients who were suspected as tuberculous pericarditis clinically were treated with antituberculous medications. Ten patients (66.7%) of pathologically diagnosed patients and 18 patients (69.2%) of clinically diagnosed patients showed complete resolution of pericarditis. CONCLUSION: By pericardial biopsy, we only confirmed 19 cases (25.0%). It means that pericardial biopsy is not superior to pericardial fluid analysis in searching of etiology of pericardial effusion. Moreover, it is not sufficient for final diagnosis of pericardial effusion.
Biopsy* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Pericardial Effusion ; Pericarditis ; Pericarditis, Constrictive ; Pericarditis, Tuberculous ; Retrospective Studies ; Tuberculosis

PURPOSE: To develop a Critical Thinking Skill Test for Nursing Students. METHODS: The construct concepts were drawn from a literature review and in-depth interviews with hospital nurses and surveys were conducted among students (n=607) from nursing colleges. The data were collected from September 13 to November 23, 2012 and analyzed using the SAS program, 9.2 version. The KR 20 coefficient for reliability, difficulty index, discrimination index, item-total correlation and known group technique for validity were performed. RESULTS: Four domains and 27 skills were identified and 35 multiple choice items were developed. Thirty multiple choice items which had scores higher than .80 on the content validity index were selected for the pre test. From the analysis of the pre test data, a modified 30 items were selected for the main test. In the main test, the KR 20 coefficient was .70 and Corrected Item-Total Correlations range was .11-.38. There was a statistically significant difference between two academic systems (p=.001). CONCLUSION: The developed instrument is the first critical thinking skill test reflecting nursing perspectives in hospital settings and is expected to be utilized as a tool which contributes to improvement of the critical thinking ability of nursing students.
Education, Nursing/*methods ; Female ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; *Program Development ; Questionnaires ; Students, Nursing/*psychology ; *Thinking ; Young Adult

Dermatitis neglecta (unwashed dermatosis) presents as pigmented hyperkeratotic plaques with adherent scales which clinically resembles psoriasis. This condition is the result of avoiding washing the affected areas, so the lesions are characteristically resolved with normal washing or with gentle wiping from an alcohol swab. We report a 29-year-old man who presented with an asymptomatic hyperkeratotic scaly plaque on umbilicus. A skin biopsy was done under the clinical impression of psoriasis. During skin biopsy, gentle swabbing with H2O2 and saline gauze was done. The patient revisited our clinic 10 days after the skin biopsy and the hyperkeratotic lesion had cleared. Histologic examination showed orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis and anastomosing rete ridges. There has been no previous report of dermatitis neglecta with histologic confirmation, and so this case could be the first report to provide the histologic characteristics of dermatitis neglecta. Because this condition might be overlooked and underdiagnosed, recognizing its existence and cause are important to avoid unnecessary biopsies and potentially aggressive therapeutic measures.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Dermatitis ; Humans ; Psoriasis ; Skin ; Umbilicus ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: This study was aimed to investigate direct care stress and job satisfaction in home care nurses. METHOD: Subjects were 139 home care nurses of hospitals in urban cities. Data was collected by a self report questionnaire. Direct care stress was measured by Community Health Nurses Perceptions of Work-Related Stressors Questionnaire. Job satisfaction was measured by a visual analogue scale. RESULTS: The average score of direct care stress was 60.4. There were significantly high direct care stress in those who had less than that 3 years experience than in their counterparts. The average score of job satisfaction was 79.5. There were significant high job satisfaction in those who willingly chose to work. Direct care stress negatively correlated with the length of office experience of the home care nurse. CONCLUSION: A direct care educational program should be developed for those who have less than 3 years experience to decrease their stress level.
Home Care Services* ; Job Satisfaction* ; Nurses, Community Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Report

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the maternal hypertension on the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status of the newborn rat lung. METHODS: We used adult female SHR(essential hypertension, 1b, A, 6-8 weeks), Sprague-Dawley white rats as a model of hypertensive dams. Breeding was accomplished by allowing female and male rats to cohabit overnight. The animals were allowed to spontaneously deliver at term(21.5d). The pups delivered from the hypertensive dams grouped into HBP group. Control group consisted of the pups delivered from normal dams. The content of malondialdehyde(MDA) and activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione(GSH) in the lung tissues were analysed at birth and 24 hours later in both groups. RESULTS: The body weight of the HBP group was significantly lower than the control group at birth. At birth and 24 hours after birth, MDA content and SOD activity were significantly increased in the lung tissues of HBP group compared to control group. There were no significant differences in GSH activity between the two groups. After 24 hours, the elevated MDA value was significantly decreased, and SOD activity was significantly elevated in HBP group but there were no significant changes in the MDA value, SOD or GSH activity in the control group. CONCLUSION: These results support the possibility that maternal hypertension during pregnancy is associated with an increased lipid peroxidation and that compensatory activation of antioxidant system works in the fetal rat lung.
Adult ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Breeding ; Female ; Glutathione ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Infant, Newborn* ; Lipid Peroxidation* ; Lung* ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Superoxides

BACKGROUND: Minimal flow anesthesia preserves the moisture content of CO2 absorbents and seems to be a factor inhibiting carbon monoxide generation. In order to assess the safety of minimal flow anesthesia, we studied carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level in minimal flow anesthesia. METHODS: Forty women, ASA physical status I or II, undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy were randomly allocated to one of two groups with N2O-enflurane anesthesia. Anesthesia was maintained with O2 2 l/min and N2O 2 l/min (group 1) or O2 0.3 l/min and N2O 0.2 l/min (group 2). The arterial COHb levels were measured immediately after induction (T1), 45 min after induction (T2), 75 min after induction (T3), and after recovery from anesthesia (T4). RESULTS: Although there was no statistically significant change in both groups, the COHb level at T3 and T4 increased more than that at T1 in group 1, and that at T3 and T4 decreased more than that at T1 in group 2. There was a significant difference in the COHb level at T4 between group 1 (0.93 0.31%) and 2 (0.68 0.36%) (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that minimal flow anesthesia does not increase the COHb level and may be performed safely.
Anesthesia* ; Carbon Monoxide ; Carboxyhemoglobin* ; Female ; Humans ; Hysterectomy

No abstract available.
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive ; Thrombocytosis

BACKGROUND: Although basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human skin tumor, with calcification reportedly taking place in about 20% of all BCC cases, the pathogenesis of calcification in BCC has not yet been studied. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors related to the pathogenesis of calcification in BCC. METHODS: We performed immunohistochemical staining for beta-catenin, frizzled-2, BMP-4, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and osteonectin using frozen skin tissue from 15 cases of BCC with calcification and 11 cases of BCC without calcification. RESULTS: The expression of beta-catenin showed positive in 14 of the 15 cases in BCC with calcification, but negative in all 11 cases of BCC without calcification. The expression of frizzled-2 was observed in 14 of the 15 cases in BCC with calcification, and in 10 of the 11 cases in BCC without calcification. The difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.236). The expression of BMP-4 was observed in all 26 samples of BCC, but the intensity of expression did not reach statistical significance between the two groups (p=0.293). Furthermore, osteopontin and osteocalcin showed no statistical significance between two the groups (p=0.567, p=0.401). The expression of osteonectin was observed in all of the BCC cases, and was stronger in BCC with calcification than in BCC without calcification (p=0.042). CONCLUSION: We suggest that the calcification in BCC might be related to the increase of beta-catenin expression and that osteonectin might also influence the process of calcification in BCC.
beta Catenin* ; Carcinoma, Basal Cell* ; Humans ; Osteocalcin* ; Osteonectin* ; Osteopontin* ; Skin