Astrovirus is frequently associated with diarrhea in children. It can not be readily isolated by cell culture, and an electronmicroscope is usually used for detection of this agent. Recently in 1995 a combined method of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was designed for easier detection of astrovirus, which is based on the conserved sequence in 3'-end of genomes of the 7 known serotypes of human astrovirus. As of yet there has not been any report of astrovirus data in Korea using the RT-PCR methods. The purpose of this study was to detect astrovirus incidence, severity of symptoms, seasonal variation and coinfection rate with rotavirus in Korean children inpatients with diarrhea. Fecal specimens from 61 young children hospitalized with gasteroenteritis Korea from Jan. 1996 through Mar. 1997. They were examined for astroviurs infection by RT-PCR method. Results are as follows: 1. Astrovirus was detected at 9.8% (6/61) from fecal specimens of children with severe diarrhea by EIA using monoclonal antibody coated plates. 2. Astorvirus was detected at 29.5% (18/61) from fecal specimens of children with severe diarrhea by RT-PCR. 3. The age of the 18 children affected by astrovirus ranged from 2 monthes to 7 years with mean of 3.0 years. 4. Mean hospital stay of the 1S children was 6.1 days. 5. Five (27.8%) astrovirus RT-PCR positive strains were confirmed in November and in December, respectively out of 18 specimens in total. 6. Astrovirus coinfection with rotavirus type G1 was confirmed in 15/16 specimens (93.8%), and with type G2 was in 1/16 specimens (6.3%).
Cell Culture Techniques ; Child* ; Coinfection ; Conserved Sequence ; Diarrhea ; Feces* ; Genome ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inpatients ; Korea ; Length of Stay ; Mamastrovirus ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Reverse Transcription* ; Rotavirus ; Seasons

A prospective study had been performed in infants with hydronephrosis due to ureteropelvic junction stenosis to determine adequate management plan. Forty infants (47 renal units) were selected for the study during the period from January 1995 to July 1997 in the Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center. They were diagnosed prenatally or early postnatally (<3 months of age) on the basis of renal ultrasonography and techotium-99m-mercap- toacetyltriglycerine (MAG3) scan. The antero-poste- rior pelvic diameter (APPD) was measured from serial renal ultrasonography and relative renal function and clearance half time (T1/2) were calculated from serial MAG3 scan. Those who had accompanying other urogenital anomalies or vesicoureteral reflux were excluded in this study. Follow-up tests (ultrasonography and MAG3 scan) and surgical corrections, if necessary, were performed according to the predetermined algorithrn. The male to female ratio was 3: 1. Hydronephrosis was involved the left side in 24 renal units, the right side in 9 renal units, and the bilateral sides in 14 renal units. All the hydronephrotic renal units were divided into 2 groups; Group A (19 renal units) those had taken surgical correction, and group B (28 renal units) those revealed spontaneous improvement without surgical correction. The mean follow-up duration was 7.2+/-6.3 months in group A and 14.1+/-12.6 months in group B. The mean APPD in the first postnatal renal ultrasonography was 19.4+6.8 mm in group A and 10.0+/-3.0mm in group B and this was statistically significant (P<0.01). The rela- tive renal function of group A in the first MAG3 scan was under 35% in 7 renal units and over 35M in 12 renal units. In group B, the relative renal function was over 35% in the all 28 renal units. Tl/2 in the first MAG3 scan was longer than 20 minutes in the all 19 renal units in group A. In group B, Tl/2 was shorter than 10 minutes in 15 renal units, between 10 minutes and 20 minutes in 6 renal units, and longer than 20 rninutes in 7 renal units. The mean APPD of the 7 renal units in group B of which Tl/2 was longer than 20 minutes was 12.62.6mm and that of group A was 19.4+/-6.8mrn and this was statistically significant (P<0.01). In conclusion, the renal ultrasonography and MAG3 scan can be used effectively to determine the degree of the stenosis of the ureteropelvic junction in hydronephosis during infancy. When the babies are diagnosed with hydronephrosis due to ureteropelvic junction stenosis in the early infantile period, serial renal ultrasonography and MAG3 scan play an important role in the decision of the management.
Chungcheongnam-do ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis* ; Infant ; Male ; Pediatrics ; Ultrasonography* ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux

Human rotavirus has now been established as the leading cause of gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. At least fourteen serotypes of group A rotavirus have been identified on the basis of antibody responses to major neutralizing glycoprotein, VP7 (G type for glycoprotein), present in the outer capsid of the virus. Serotype 1, 2, 3 and 4 are the most highly prevalent in human. In Korea, rotavirus is also the principal cause of severe nonbacterial diarrhea requiring hospitalization in infants and young children, which is commonly detected by EIA method. The epidemiology of rotavirus infection has been monitored by only serologic methods without electropherotyping in Korea. This study shows seasonal and age related variations .of rotavirus infection in Korea according to the genotype using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Fecal specimens were obtained from 39 children hospitalized with acute watery diarrhea and gastroenteritis in Ewha Womans University MokDong Hospital in Seoul from Jan. to Dec. of 1996. All four (1, 2, 3, 4) major G serotypes were identified by amplification of segment of the gene for VP7 using RT-PCR. Rotavirus Gl 749 bp, G2 653 bp, G3 374 bp and G4 583bp were shown on 2.9 or 3.3% NuSieve agar gel. Results were as follows: 1) Rotavirus was detected at 53.8% (21/39) by EIA and 89.7% (35/39) by RT-PCR. 2) Serotype Gl, G2, G3, G4 when detected by RT-PCR accounted for 80.0% (28/35), 14.3% (5/35), 2.9% (1/35) and 2.9% (1/35), respectively. 3) Thirty five strains of rotavirus were detected at the frequency of 17.1% (6/35) in Oct., 20.0% (7/35) in Nov. and 20.0% (7/35) in Dec. 4) As for the age range, children affected by rotavirus were mostly under 1 years.
Agar ; Antibody Formation ; Capsid ; Child ; Child, Hospitalized* ; Diarrhea* ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Gastroenteritis ; Genotype* ; Glycoproteins ; Hospitalization ; Humans* ; Infant ; Korea ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Reverse Transcription* ; Rotavirus Infections ; Rotavirus* ; Seasons ; Seoul

No abstract available.
Neonatology

Congenital lung cyst is known to be very rare. Recently we experienced one case of congenital lung cyst wihich was confirmed by autopsy. Review of literature was done briefly.
Autopsy ; Lung*

No Abstract Available.
Adult* ; Cerebrospinal Fluid* ; Encephalitis* ; Humans ; Meningitis, Aseptic* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction*

Moyamoya disease is a rare, progressive, occlusive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by bilateral stenosis of the intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery. Symptoms including transient ischemic attacks, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage and cerebral infarction, are variable. There are few case reports of moyamoya disease in pregnancy. Since hyperventilation-induced cerebral ischemia and hypertension are provoked by active labor, cesarean section has been recommended to avoid neurologic complications for pregnant women with moyamoya disease. The optimal anesthetic management for cesarean section in these patients has not been discussed. We report a case of moyamoya disease in a patient presenting for cesarean section at 40 weeks' gestation. Epidural anesthesia was administered using 0.5% bupivacaine and fentanyl. Intraoperative hemodynamic state was stable. The patient has no significant postoperative complications.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, Epidural ; Brain Ischemia ; Bupivacaine ; Carotid Artery, Internal ; Cerebral Infarction ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; Cesarean Section* ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Emergencies* ; Female ; Fentanyl ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Ischemic Attack, Transient ; Moyamoya Disease* ; Postoperative Complications ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Seizures

BACKGROUND: Evidence has accumulated that opioids can produce potent antinociceptive effects by interacting with opioid receptors in peripheral tissues. Bupivacaine is potent analgesic with early peak onset in the postoperative period. The combination of intra-articular bupivacaine and morphine has been suggested as an ideal analgesic after knee arthroscopy. METHODS: Thirty patients scheduled for knee arthroscopy under general anesthesia were allocated randomly to two groups. Group 1 received morphine 5 mg in normal saline 25 ml, group 2 received morphine 5 mg in 0.25% bupivacaine 25 ml intraarticularly, and all solutions contained 1:200,000 epinephrine. Tourniquet was inflated above knee joint for 10 minutes after injection in each of the patients. Postoperative pain was assessed using the visual analogue scale at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours after the intra-articular injection. The need for supplemental analgesic was recorded. RESULTS: Patients in the group 2 had lower pain scores than group 1 at first and second hour. There were no significant differences from 3 hours to 24 hours postoperative period. Supplemental analgesic requirements were significantly greater in group 1 than group 2 for the first 3 hours. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that, after knee arthroscopy, intra-articular morphine 5 mg in 0.25% bupivacaine 25 ml results in satisfactory analgesia with small amount of supplementary analgesic.
Analgesia ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Anesthesia, General ; Arthroscopy* ; Bupivacaine ; Epinephrine ; Humans ; Injections, Intra-Articular ; Knee Joint* ; Knee* ; Morphine* ; Pain, Postoperative ; Postoperative Period ; Receptors, Opioid ; Tourniquets

A preparation of water soluble components(EA) was made from carpophores of Elfvingia applanata(Pers.) Karst and its in vitro antibacterial activity on a number of bacterial species was examined by macrobroth dilution assay. Among 16 species of bacteria tested, the most potent antibacterial activity was observed against Staphylococcus epiderrnidis and Proteus vulgaris, of which MICs were 1.25 mg/ml. To investigate the antibacterial effects in combinations of EA with quinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin, the fractional inhibitory concentrations(FICs) and the fractional inhibitory concentration indices(FICIs) for four bacterial strains were determined by macrobroth dilution checkerboard assay. Combinations of EA and quinolones exhibited either additive or indifferent effects of antibacterial activity in most instances. However, both synergistic and antagonistic effects were not observed in any cases.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Ciprofloxacin ; Enoxacin ; Norfloxacin ; Ofloxacin ; Proteus vulgaris ; Quinolones* ; Staphylococcus

It is a well known that cardiac arrest can occur during general anesthesia. We had experienced of a cardiac arrest during anesthsia in a child with halothane just after the use of a thiopental sodium and vecuronium bromide. When the cardiac asystole was noted by E.C.G., immediate treatment was performed. In this case, We think that Cardiac arrest being related to several factors, anxiety about operation, rough sugical maniplation, light anesthesia and drugs.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, General ; Anxiety ; Child ; Halothane ; Heart Arrest* ; Humans ; Thiopental ; Vecuronium Bromide