PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of knowledge about the harmfulness of smoking and attitude toward smoking temptation for middle school students. METHODS: A survey was conducted in this study on 745 students from 12 middle schools in the Y City. Data were analyzed with SPSS/WIN 12.0 using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANCOVA, Scheffe's test and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference in knowledge about the harmfulness of smoking (F=2.88, p<.05) and attitude toward smoking (F=54.61, p<.001). And there was statistically significant difference in smoking temptations among tempting factors such as negative mood of individual (F=63.61, p<.001), positive mood of social situation (F=67.08, p<.001), habitualness (F=57.68, p<.001), weight control (F=33.01, p<.001), and others' smoking (F=73.13, p<.001). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that smoking-cessation programs to enhance the effectiveness of nursing interventions should be tailored to the level of smoking temptation and that educational programs should be developed for middle school students.
Humans ; Nursing ; Smoke* ; Smoking*

No abstract available.
Arthrogryposis* ; Pyloric Stenosis*

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical characteristics of the 2000-2001 measles outbreak in the Seoul metropolitan area, Korea, the clinical data of measles inpatients were analyzed. METHODS: Three hundred and five children diagnosed with measles by clinical manifestation from July, 2000 to February, 2001, in Seoul, Ilsan and Ansan City were grouped according to their age and investigated for clinical manifestations, vaccination history and measles-specific IgM/IgG antibody positivity. RESULTS: Thirty eight point seven percent of the subjects were less than 12 months of age, 27.5 % were 12-47 months of age and 33.8% were 48 months of age or older. There was no significant sexual difference(male : female=1.2 : 1). This epidemic started in June, 2000 and the number of patients increased abruptly in October, peaked in December and finally decreased after February, 2001. It started from the older age group and moved to the younger. Sixty five point two percent had a history of more than 1-dose vaccination and 13.6% of the patients equal or more than 48 months of age had a history of 2-dose vaccination. Primary vaccine failure rate was 59.4%(107/ 180) and secondary vaccine failure rate was 3.9%(7/180) in 1 dose vaccinees. Sixty one point six percent showed more than one complication and 38.4% had no complication. The most common complication was pneumonia(31.8 %), followed by bronchitis(11.5%) and acute otitis media(4.6%). Vaccination and dose were not related significantly with the occurrence of complications. CONCLUSION: Compared with previous outbreaks in Korea, clinical features showed no specific change in the 2000-2001 measles epidemic. However, primary vaccine failure rate was so high that the second vaccination at four to six years of age must be emphasized in Korea.
Child ; Disease Outbreaks ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Korea ; Measles* ; Otitis ; Seoul* ; Vaccination

Thyroid dysfunction has heen reported as a side effect of alpha-interferon(IFN) therapy. The incidence of thyroid disorders was 1.2-12%' duripg 1FN therapy for chronic active hepatitis. We experienced a case of hypothyroidism developed after IFN therapy in a 48 year-old man with chronic hepatitis B. Baseline thyroid function before IFN therapy was normal and thyroid auioantibodies were also negative. High tiers ol' antimicrosomal antibody and anti-thyroglobulin antibody appeared and severe hypothyroidism followed at 6 months after starting the IFN therapy.
Hepatitis B, Chronic* ; Hepatitis, Chronic* ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism* ; Incidence ; Interferon-alpha* ; Middle Aged ; Thyroid Gland