BACKGROUND: Social support is defined as interpersonal transaction ; the giving of symbolic or material aid to another. It has been shown to have both buffering effects and direct beneficial effects on diverse health related outcomes. But there has been the dearth of well-validated measurement instruments. This article describes the development of Korean version of the Duke-UNC functional social support questionnaire(DUFSS), focusing on the aspect of social support. METHODS: The 13-item, self-administered questionnaire was translated to Korean language. It was evaluated on 177 patients attending the family medicine clinic of Seoul National University Hospital during one month(November, 1996.) Comparisons to the family APGAR, COOP/ WONCA functional status chart are made to assess validity. Factor analyses are performed. Correlation of the questionnire score with the sum of family APGAR and each items of COOP/ WONCA functional chart are measured Internal consistency are evaluated. RESULTS: The questionnaire score are correlated with significantly correlated with social activity item. The total Cronbachs alpha is calculated as 0.89. The four content areas developed by factor analyses are donfidant support(items 8, 9, 10), af fective support(items 4, 5, 6, 7), instrumental support(items 3, 12) and quantity of support(item 1). These shows similarity to American study results. CONCLUSIONS: The Korean version of the Duke-UNC functional social support questionnaire has been documented as having high reliability and moderate validity. It covers two dimensions well(confidant support, affective support) with a small enough number of questions. Instrumental support may need further study.
Humans ; Seoul ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Background: Although the orofacial-function improvement exercise (OFIE; oral exercise) was first introduced in Korea 10 years prior, it is still not covered by medical insurance, and no detailed survey on the dissemination of related programs has been conducted. Therefore, this study investigated the actual status of the education and practice of OFIE among the elderly and at elderly welfare institutions in the Seoul and Gyeonggi Provinces. Methods: Senior citizens aged more than 65 years old, public health centers (total of 69) and elderly welfare institutions (including nursing homes and elderly welfare centers, total of 56) per administrative area in the Seoul and Gyeonggi Provinces were targeted. We analyzed 200 elderly people and 93 institutions who agreed to participate in the survey. For the elderly, general characteristics, experience and route, current practice, and necessity regarding OFIE were investigated. For institutions, the history and plan of education programs on OFIE were investigated. Results: Regardless of the general characteristics, both the rate of experience and practice for OFIE were low overall; moreover, although they felt it was necessary, they had insufficient motivation for its implementation. Moreover, only a few institutions which were operating the education about OFIE regardless of the COVID-19 situation. Conclusion Although OFIE is necessary for the elderly, its distribution remains insufficient. Therefore, further efforts are needed to expand the education and raise the awareness of oral exercise among elderly individuals and senior welfare institutions.

Objectives: Excess deaths, an indicator that compares total mortality rates before and during a pandemic, offer a comprehensive view of the pandemic’s impact. However, discrepancies may arise from variations in estimating expected deaths. This study aims to compare excess deaths in Korea during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic using 3 methods and to analyze patterns using the most appropriate method. Methods: Expected deaths from 2020 to 2022 were estimated using mortality data from 2015-2019 as reference years. This estimation employed 3 approaches: (1) simple average, (2) age-adjusted average, and (3) age-adjusted linear regression. Excess deaths by age, gender, and cause of death were also presented. Results: The number of excess deaths varied depending on the estimation method used, reaching its highest point with the simple average and its lowest with the age-adjusted average. Age-adjusted linear regression, which accounts for both the aging population and declining mortality rates, was considered most appropriate. Using this model, excess deaths were estimated at 0.3% for 2020, 4.0% for 2021, and 20.7% for 2022. Excess deaths surged among individuals in their 20s throughout the pandemic, largely attributed to a rise in self-harm and suicide. Additionally, the results indicated sharp increases in deaths associated with “endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases” and “symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified.” Conclusions Substantial variations in excess deaths were evident based on estimation method, with a notable increase in 2022. The heightened excess deaths among young adults and specific causes underscore key considerations for future pandemic responses.

PURPOSE: To determine the MR imaging findings of synovial sarcoma, with emphasis on the signal characteristicsof pathologically correlated T2-weighted images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR images of 14 cases ofpathologically-proven synovial sarcomas were retrospectively reviewed and correlated with the histopathologicfindings. We analyzed the signal intensity of T1- and T2-weighted images and the incidence of triple signalintensity, and evaluated the frequency of fluid-fluid levels, internal fibrous septa, calcification, the invasionof bone or neurovascular bundles and the involvement of joint capsules, as well as the size, location and marginof the tumors and pattern of contrast enhancement. RESULTS: Necrosis, cystic change or hemorrhage was suggested in11 cases, ten of which showed triple signal intensity, and in all cases, was pathologically confirmed. Fluid-fluidlevels were found in three cases and internal septa in ten. In four cases, maximum diameter was less than 5cm, andin nine, was greater than this. No mass was detected in one case. The tumor was located in the low extremity(n=9),pelvic girdle and hip joint area(n=2), scapular(n=1), shoulder joint area(n=1), and scalp(n=1). Eleven casesshowed a relatively well-defined margin and nine showed lobulation. Except in the area of necrosis and cysticchange, the pattern of contrast enhancement was diffuse and inhomogenous. Bony invasion was detected in two cases,neurovascular encasement in four, calcification in four, and joint capsule invasion in four. CONCLUSION: OnT2-weighted images, synovial sarcoma frequently showed triple signal intensity and internal septa with fluid-fluidlevels ; this was induced by cystic changes due to necrosis and hemorrhage.
Hemorrhage ; Hip Joint ; Incidence ; Joint Capsule ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Necrosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Sarcoma, Synovial* ; Shoulder Joint

PURPOSE: Since 2000, the Korea University Medical College has conducted Comprehensive Basic Medical Sciences Examination as a summative test. Summative assessment must be dependable in that it meets the highest standards of reliability and validity. The purpose of this study were to examine the validity and reliability of Comprehensive Basic Medical Sciences Examination and to improve the quality of the examination. METHODS: The subject of this study was the examination materials and scores of the test. We conducted exploratory factor analysis to testify validity. Cronbach alpha coefficient was used to examine the reliability. RESULTS: Only one factor was extracted from exploratory factor analysis. Its eigen value was 4.61 and it explained 65.93% of total variance. We could infer the extracted factor as an ability of basic medical sciences knowledge. The reliability coefficient of the test was ranged from 0.45 to 0.74. Of the total 335 item, overall acceptable items were 206(58.0%); the range of difficulty was 0.21~1.00 and discriminative indices were higher than 0.20. CONCLUSION: We confirmed the Comprehensive Basic Medical Sciences Examination in 2000 met the relative highest standards of reliability and validity. Item analysis could be of help to improve the quality of examination
Korea ; Psychometrics* ; Reproducibility of Results

BACKGROUND: Repeated administration of morphine leads to characteristic tolerance. We tested the effects of intrathecal oxcarbazepine (OXC) on spinal morphine tolerance in rats using the tail flick test. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats received intrathecal injections of 10 microliter saline alone, or 10 microliter of solutions containing 100 microgram OXC, 15 microgram morphine, or OXC + morphine for 7 days. Different groups of rats received OXC on days 1-7, 1-3, or 5-7. The tail-flick assay was used to measure acute and chronic nociception. The nociceptive stimulus consisted of dipping the distal 5 cm of the tail into warm water before and 30 min after drug injection. On day 8, an antinociceptive dose-response curve was plotted, and the 50% effective dose for morphine (given alone) was determined for all groups. RESULTS: Morphine or OXC both produced acute antinociception; OXC + morphine resulted in a significantly larger response than obtained with morphine alone. Morphine tolerance was produced by intrathecal injection of morphine over 7 days. Co-administration of morphine and OXC completely blocked morphine tolerance, but tolerance developed when OXC injection was stopped, and morphine potency was partially restored by co-administration of OXC in tolerant rats. CONCLUSIONS: The antinociceptive effect of both acute and chronic morphine therapy is increased with intrathecal OXC, and antinociceptive morphine tolerance is attenuated in rats.
Animals ; Carbamazepine ; Injections, Spinal ; Morphine ; Nociception ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Water

A previous pharmacogenomic analysis identified cromolyn, an anti-allergic drug, as an effective anti-fibrotic agent that acts on hepatocytes and stellate cells. Furthermore, cromolyn was shown to be a G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) agonist. However, it has not been studied whether anti-fibrotic effects are mediated by GPR35. Therefore, in this study, the role of GPR35 in hepatic fibrosis was investigated through the use of lodoxamide, another anti-allergic drug and a potent GPR35 agonist. Longterm treatment with carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic fibrosis, which was inhibited by treatment with lodoxamide. Furthermore, CID2745687, a specific GPR35 antagonist, reversed lodoxamide-mediated anti-fibrotic effects. In addition, lodoxamide treatment showed significant effects on the mRNA expression of collagen Iα1, collagen Iα2, and TGF-β1 in the extracellular matrix. However, a transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) shedding assay revealed lodoxamide not to be a potent agonist of mouse GPR35 in vitro. Therefore, these results showed anti-fibrotic effects of lodoxamide in mice and raise concerns how lodoxamide protects against liver fibrosis in vivo and whether GPR35 is involved in the action.

Objective of this study was to compare the color stability, mechanical and chemical properties of three different types of temporary crown resins. Commercially available powder-liquid (Group PL), light-cured (Group LC) and auto-mix syringe (Group AM) types' temporary crown resins were used as experimental groups for each of the evaluation. All the test groups were evaluated after 1 day and 7 days of immersion in various staining solutions. The colors of all groups before and after storage in the staining solutions were measured by a spectrophotometer based on CIE Lab system, and the color differences (ΔE(*)) thereby calculated. Micro hardness test was performed before water storage and aging after 7 days at 37 ℃. In addition, flexural strength, water sorption and solubility tests were performed according to international standard, ISO 10477. All experimental groups showed significant color change in staining solutions when compared to those stored in the control solution (distilled water) (p<0.05). Group PL showed the least color change among the three groups followed by Group AM (p<0.05). This tendency was observed after 7 days of immersion. In terms of the micro hardness test, Group PL showed the highest value among the three groups followed by Group AM (p<0.05). Additionally, the flexural strength decreased in the following order: AM > PL > LC (p<0.05). Water sorption and solubility increased in the following order: AM < PL < LC (p<0.05). The results of this study would provide useful information when choosing temporary crown resin types in various clinical situations.
Aging ; Crowns ; Hardness Tests ; Immersion ; Solubility ; Syringes ; Water

The LEOPARD syndrome is an acronym and serves as a mnemonic for the features of this autosomal dominant syndrome : L - lentigines (multiple), E - electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities, O - ocular hypertelorism, P - pulmonary stenosis, A - abnormalities of genitalia, R - retardation of growth, and D - deafness (sensoryneural). The main features of the syndrome are multiple lentigines in combination with congenital heart malformations. These frequently accompanied cardiac abnormalities are pulmonary stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and various ECG abnormalities. It is advisable to make cardiac evaluation in a patient with LEOPARD syndrome in spite of no clinical symptoms or signs, since cardiac dysfunction may be progressive or developed later. We experienced a case of this syndrome in a 31 year-old female, presenting multiple lentigines, ocular hypertelorism, and congenital cardiac abnormalities of incomplete right bundle branch block and cor triatriatum. We report the case with brief literature review.
Adult ; Bundle-Branch Block ; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic ; Cor Triatriatum* ; Deafness ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Genitalia ; Heart ; Humans ; Hypertelorism ; Lentigo ; LEOPARD Syndrome* ; Panthera* ; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

Sclerosing stromal tumor (SST) of the ovary is a rare, benign tumor. The most common clinical symptom is menstrual irregularity. Diagnosis of SST is often made by postoperative pathologic examination. The important differential diagnoses are other sex cord stromal tumors including fibroma, thecoma and etc. We present four cases of SST of the ovary during 10 years with a brief review of the literature.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Fibroma ; Ovary ; Sex Cord-Gonadal Stromal Tumors ; Thecoma