Here, we aimed to evaluate the incidence and mortality of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) among very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants in Korea and assess the associated factors of PHH. This cohort study used prospectively collected data from the Korean Neonatal Network (KNN). Among 2,386 VLBW infants in the KNN database born between January 2013 and June 2014, 63 infants who died without brain ultrasonography results were excluded. Maternal demographics and neonatal clinical characteristics were assessed. The overall incidence of IVH in all the VLBW infants was 42.2% (987 of 2,323), while those of IVH grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 25.1%, 7.0%, 4.8%, and 5.5%, respectively. The incidence and severity of IVH showed a negatively correlating trend with gestational age and birth weight. PHH developed in 0%, 3.5%, 36.1%, and 63.8% of the surviving infants with IVH grades 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Overall, in the VLBW infants, the IVH-associated mortality rate was 1.0% (24/2,323). Only IVH grade severity was proven to be an associated with PHH development in infants with IVH grades 3-4. This is the first Korean national report of IVH and PHH incidences in VLBW infants. Further risk factor analyses or quality improvement studies to reduce IVH are warranted.
Birth Weight ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/*epidemiology/mortality/pathology ; Cohort Studies ; Databases, Factual ; Echoencephalography ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus/*epidemiology/mortality/pathology ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Infant, Newborn ; *Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Severity of Illness Index

BACKGROUND: The College of Medicine at Korea University has lunched the new curriculum which incorporated optional elective courses in 2000. Optional elective course is consisted of 10 subjects. 8 subjects are conducted in classroom lectures and 2 of them are active experiences in research or community service. The purpose of this study is to identify the level of achievement of its own educational goals and objectives. Also, we tried to explore the possibilities of improving this course for the maximum educational effectiveness.. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We conducted a survey and the subjects of this study were second, and third year medical students who finished this course. RESULTS: 84.8% of respondents were aware of the goals of the course. 91.1% of them agreed this course is needed to enhance the effectiveness in undergraduate medical education. Most students agreed the course provide an opportunity to broaden their perspectives of field of medicine(81.4% of respondents). Also, this course provided good informations for students' future career choice(78.6% of respondents). However, students wanted to have more in-depth learning experience. INTERPRETATION: The implementation of the optional elective course at the Korea University, Medical College was successful. Despite of its initial success, the course has to be revised to allow students to get more in - depth study according their own interests.
Curriculum ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education, Medical, Undergraduate ; Humans ; Korea ; Learning ; Lectures ; Lunch ; Social Welfare ; Students, Medical

No abstract available.
Gastroschisis* ; Hernia, Umbilical*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to develop a MD-MBA joint program that will teach doctors professional hospital management and administration skills. METHODS: To assess the demand for hospital management and administration skills in the medical field, information was gathered from community physicians through a questionnaire. Personal interviews were also conducted with doctors having who graduated from a MD-MBA joint program and those working for hospital consulting firms. We visited institutions in developed countries offering this program and conducted literature reviews. Based on the data collected, a tentative plan for the introduction of a MD-MBA program in Korea was developed. RESULTS: The results of this study are as follows. Community practitioners realize the need for basic management skills and feel that hospital management should be part of undergraduate or graduate medical curriculum. In the United States, there is an annual increase in the number of institutions offering MD-MBA programs and in the number of MD-MBA graduates. These programs are run very systematically. It is apparent that the introduction of this program to Korean medical students is imminent. This program can be offered in Korea at the undergraduate level with the School of Business Administration in charge of the program, with the Medical School in charge, or as a cooperative effort between these two schools. CONCLUSION: Most private practitioners and medical professors recognize the necessity for a MD-MBA program. Systemic and experiential research must be done. Support must be given to finances, human resources and equipment in offering this program.
Commerce ; Curriculum ; Developed Countries ; Humans ; Joints* ; Korea ; Program Development* ; Schools, Medical ; Students, Medical ; United States ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the assessment of student performance in Problem-Based Learning, which was an elective course at Korea University College of Medicine, from 2001 to 2003, and to delineate effective strategies for Problem-Based Learning. METHODS: A questionnaire was given to 126 third year Korea University medical students. The questionnaire consisted of 25 items in 2001, 37 in 2002, and 64 in 2003. These items covered self-evaluation and overall evaluation of contents, learning environments, small group activity, and tutor in PBL. The respective reliability of items in scale was .67, .75, .79, and 81. Data was analyzed using the Spsswin.11.0 RESULTS: The results of this study are as follows. By most of all respondents, PBL was recognized as a more effective learning method, more interesting, and able to provide a more diverse spectrum of information than traditional lectures. Neutral or negative responses were given for educational settings. Competence of students was increased in the PBL setting. A large percentage of learning method was through the use of textbooks. Most respondents were satisfied with the small group activity and tutor. CONCLUSION: There should be sufficient educational equipments such as rooms for small group activity, textbooks, and journals for PBL. We have to consider student's characteristics carefully and to make concrete guideline and system for effective Problem based learning.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Diagnostic Self Evaluation ; Humans ; Korea ; Learning ; Lectures ; Mental Competency ; Problem-Based Learning* ; Students, Medical

The osteopoikilosis is commonly known as harmatoma in which metaphyseal and epiphyseal area of long bones and the bone of pelvis, hands, feet and et al, contain islands of dense cortical bone with normal Harversian system without any symptoms. The radiologic findings of the osteopoikilosis is multitude of oval or well-circumscribed areas of increased density, 2 to 10 mm in size, in symmetrical distribution and normal uptake in bone scan. Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome, which is transmitted by autosomal dominant, is characterized by the association of osteopoikilosis and connective tissue nevi which are popular and symmetrically distributed lesions on chest, back, buttock, thigh or arm. Authors report three Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome, studied by CT scan, MRI, bone scan and bone and skin biopsy, among five patients associated with osteopoikilosis found by simple radiologic study from ten members in one family with their pedigree.
Arm ; Biopsy ; Buttocks ; Connective Tissue ; Foot ; Hand ; Humans ; Islands ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Nevus ; Osteopoikilosis ; Pedigree ; Pelvis ; Skin ; Thigh ; Thorax ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of psychopathology on the quality of life in dermatological outpatients.METHODS: A sample of 151 female dermatological outpatients was compared with a control group of 200 females. Symptom Check List-90-R(SCL-90-R) was used to screen for psychopathology and Skindex-29 for quality of life. We compared the scores of SCL-90-R and Skindex-29 between the two groups and examined the correlation between SCL-90-R and Skindex-29 in the patient group. We analysed the subscales of SCL-90-R that affect Skindex-29.RESULTS: There was statistically significant higher in the score of SCL-90-R in patient group than control group. In high score group of Skindex-29, the score of SCL-90-R was significantly higher than in low score group of Skindex-29. The correlation between SCL-90-R and Skindex-29 was positively correlated with moderate relationship on all subscales except paranoid ideation. Somatization and psychoticism of SCL-90-R were the factors affecting on the total score of Skindex-29.CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that psychological distress of the dermatological outpatients is more severe than control group, and somatization and psychoticism are suggested as predictors of the quality of life of dermatologic patients.
Female ; Humans ; Outpatients ; Psychopathology ; Quality of Life

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein overexpression and/or HER2 gene amplification is found in about 20% of invasive breast cancers. It is a sole predictive marker for treatment benefits from HER2 targeted therapy and thus, HER2 testing is a routine practice for newly diagnosed breast cancer in pathology. Currently, HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used for a screening test, and in situ hybridization is used as a confirmation test for HER2 IHC equivocal cases. Since the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College of American Pathologists (CAP) guidelines on HER2 testing was first released in 2007, it has been updated to provide clear instructions for HER2 testing and accurate determination of HER2 status in breast cancer. During HER2 interpretation, some pitfalls such as intratumoral HER2 heterogeneity and increase in chromosome enumeration probe 17 signals may lead to inaccurate assessment of HER2 status. Moreover, HER2 status can be altered after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or during metastatic progression, due to biologic or methodologic issues. This review addresses recent updates of ASCO/CAP guidelines and factors complicating in the interpretation of HER2 status in breast cancers.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to make empirical evidence for a community based case management program for the first episode of psychosis. METHODS: We provided a case management program for first episode psychosis patients and assessed their symptoms, function, insight, and satisfaction using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Health of Nation Outcomes Scales (HoNOS), Scale to assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD), Global Assessment of Functioning Scales (GAF), and Quality of Life scales (QOL) at baseline and after the program. We also evaluated the treatment maintenance rate and the changes of their developmental task achievement. RESULTS: Significant improvement was observed in all sub-domains of PANSS and significant changes were also observed in the areas of symptoms and function of HoNOS. Significant improvement was observed in awareness of mental illness itself and its outcomes. The treatment maintenance rate was 87.5%, including three patients who stopped their medication with the doctor's order. The rate of participation in meaningful social activities, such as school or job showed an increase, from 25% at baseline to 81% after the program. CONCLUSION: Results of this study demonstrate the possibility of community programs for prevention of relapse, improvement of symptoms and function, and facilitation of return to meaningful social activities of first episode psychosis patients.
Case Management ; Humans ; Mental Disorders ; Psychotic Disorders ; Quality of Life ; Recurrence ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: This study aimed at characterizing Korean nurses' occupational responsibilities to apply the results for improvement of the Korean Nursing Licensing Examination. METHODS: First, the contents of nursing job were defined based on a focus group interview of 15 nurses. Developing a Curriculum (DACOM) method was used to examine those results and produce the questionnaire by 13 experts. After that, the questionnaire survey to 5,065 hospital nurses was done. RESULTS: The occupational responsibilities of nurses were characterized as involving 8 duties, 49 tasks, and 303 task elements. Those 8 duties are nursing management and professional development, safety and infection control, the management of potential risk factors, basic nursing and caring, the maintenance of physiological integrity, medication and parenteral treatments, socio-psychological integrity, and the maintenance and improvement of health. CONCLUSION: The content of Korean Nursing Licensing Examination should be improved based on 8 duties and 49 tasks of the occupational responsibilities of Korean nurses.
Curriculum ; Focus Groups ; Infection Control ; Job Description ; Korea ; Licensure* ; Licensure, Nursing ; Methods ; Nursing* ; Risk Factors