With 2mm-thick CT scanning during the rapid infusion of contrast material(TICT), cerebral aneurysms arising from the circle of Willis and adjacent vessels can be directly visualized. Twenty-five patients who had cerebral aneurysm confirmed by surgery were examined with TIGT and digital subtraction angiography. The authors examined TIGT prospectively to assess the detection rate of the cerebal aneurysms and to evaluate the clinical usefulness of TIGT. The detection rates of aneurysms by TIGT and digital subtraction angiography were 68% and 84%, respectively. TIGT is a rapid, safe and reliable method in the evaluation of patients with suspected cerebral aneurysm, permitting direct visualization of the aneurysm.
Aneurysm ; Angiography, Digital Subtraction ; Circle of Willis ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm* ; Methods ; Prospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: This is a descriptive correlation study to identify self-esteem, job satisfaction, and turnover intention among ship-building supply workers. METHODS: The subjects were 199 ship-building supply workers at two small & medium-sized ship-building supply companies in K city. The data were collected from March 1st through 31st, 2013. The collected data were analyzed using the SAS program through t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between self-esteem and job satisfaction (r=.29, p<.001), a negative correlation between self-esteem and turnover intention (r=-.20, p<.001). Also there was a negative correlation between job satisfaction and turnover intention (r= -.58, p<.001). CONCLUSION: This finding identified that the self-esteem and job satisfaction were an important variable related to the turnover intention. Therefore, organizational managers need to develop strategies for improving workers' self-esteem and job satisfaction to prevent and decrease worker's turnover intention.
Intention* ; Job Satisfaction* ; Statistics as Topic

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PURPOSE: Congenital Iobar agenesis of the liver is a rare anomaly. We report five cases (three cases of right Iobar agenesis and two cases of left Iobar agenesis) and discuss the radiologic findings of this congenital anomaly. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July, 1992 and February, 1993, three cases of right Iobar agenesis and two cases of left Iobar agenesis of the liver were diagnosed by means of computed tomography(CT) and/or sonography. MR imging was performed in two patients, cholangiography in two, and digital subtraction angiography in one. RESULTS: The main findings of right Iobar agenesis of the liver were nonvisualization of the right portal vein and absence of liver tissue to the right of gallbladder. The findings of left Iobar agenesis were nonvisualization of left portal vein, absence of liver tissue to the left of the gallbladder, and absence of ligamentum teres. The ancillary finding of the Iobar agenesis was visualization of less than three hepatic veins. CONCLUSION: It is important to consider Iobar agenesis of the liver in differential diagnosis when imaging studies reveal abnormal portal vein branches, unusual position of gallblader, absence of ligamentum teres, and visualization of less than three hepatic veins.
Angiography, Digital Subtraction ; Cholangiography ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Gallbladder ; Hepatic Veins ; Humans ; Liver ; Portal Vein

PURPOSE:Growth hormone(GH) therapy is very effective for the treatment of short stature, but it is unconvenient that GH should be injected daily because of short half-life. Sustained-release forms of GH preparation is needed for better compliance. This study aimed to measure peak pattern and duration of release of hGH from solid microparticles using sodium hyaluronate. METHODS:In group 1, hGH(EutropinTM) 285microg/kg was injected subcutaneously to 2 Jindo dogs everyday for 7 days. In group 2, hGH solution(EutropinTM) was continuously infused subcutaneously for 12 hours a day for the first 2 days via mini pump(minimed co.) and then for 24 hours a day thereafter until 7th day with the rate of 11.9microg/kg/hr. In group 3, dose of 2mg/kg hGH in sustained-release formulation using sodium hyaluronate, was injected subcutaneously to 3 Jindo dogs. In group 4, two dose levels of 1mg/kg and 2mg/kg hGH in sustained-release formulation using sodium hyaluronate, were injected subcutaneously to each group of 4 Beagle dogs. To evaluate side reactions from continuous injection of sodium hyaluronate, sustained release form of hGH 2mg/kg was injected to 4 Beagle dogs once a week for 4 weeks and compared to 4 control Beagle dogs. Blood samples were withdrawn half- hourly for 6 hour and 2-4 times a day thereafter in Jindo dogs and at 6hr, 12hr, 22hr in the first day and twice a day(at 9:00, 16:00 O'clock) for the following 6 days. RESULTS:In group 1, peak GH conc. of 122+/-27ng/ml was observed at 1 hour after hGH(EutropinTM) 285microg/kg injection and 1/2 of peak GH conc. at 4 hour. and decreased to 2ng/ml at 24 hour. GH AUC(Area under curve) was 670(ng/ml.hr). In group 2, initial steady state GH conc. of 25ng/ml occurred after 6 hour, however, GH conc. decreased gradually to 16ng/ml at the 7th day. GH AUC based on th initial steady state GH conc. was 600(ng/ml.hr). In group 3(Jindo dogs), GH conc. was peaked at 12 hour and 1/2 of peak GH conc at 30-46 hour and decreased to baseline at 70 hour. GH AUC was 2173(ng/ml.hr). In group 4(Beagle dog), peak GH concentrations of 56+/-7ng/ml and 108+/-12ng/ml were observed at 12 hour for the doses of 1mg/ kg and 2mg/kg, respectively and 1/2 of peak GH conc at 48 hour and decreased to baseline at 80 hour. GH AUC was 3560(ng/ml.h) for 2mg/kg treated dogs. Serum IGF-1 was increased to peak levels of 520ng/ml, and 580ng/ml for the doses of 1mg/kg 2mg/kg, respectively, and persisted above the baseline till 120 hour. There was no specific side reaction during experimental period. CONCLUSION: Sustained-release form of hGH with sodium hyaluronate released GH for 70-80 hour with the peak level lower than that resulted from the conventional aqueous formulation of the equivalent dose, and higher concentration IGF-I maintained for 120 hour after injection above baseline. More extensive study is needed to permit for new therapeutic application.
Animals* ; Area Under Curve ; Compliance ; Dogs ; Growth Hormone* ; Half-Life ; Hyaluronic Acid ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Polymers

The components of bore marrow change dramatically during lifetime. To evaluate the bone marrow of cranium and upper cervical spine, the authors retrospectively evaluated 300 examinations of cranium and the second cervical bone in patients without known bone marrow abnormality. T1-weighted images were used to analyze the changes of lone marrow signal intensity according to the age and sex. The signal intensity of bone marrow of cranium increased most rapidly from birth to age of 10 years. Between 11 and 20 years of age, gradual increase of signal intensity was noted. There was minimal augment of signal intensity after age of 20 years. The examination of signal intensity of bone marrow of the cranium revealed slightly higher score in male than in female. The synchondrosis of the second cervical vertebra was visible in 97%. These results may be useful in the detection of abnormal bone marrow signal of cranium and upper cervical spine.
Bone Marrow* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Parturition ; Retrospective Studies ; Skull* ; Spine*

Melanosis duodeni is an uncommon pathologic condition characterized by diffuse small black spots on the first and second portions of the duodenum. It occurs predominantly in elderly patients and is linked to chronic renal failure, use of antihypertensive drug and oral iron supplementation, and/or presence of gastric hemorrhage. We report a case of melanosis duodeni in a 60-year-old woman diagnosed with hypertension 20 years ago and chronic renal failure 6 years ago. She has taken antihypertensive drugs for many years. On endoscopy, speckled black pigmentation of duodenal mucosa was detected. Microscopically, this duodenal lesions showed numerous coarse pigments in macrophages confined within the lamina propria. By ultrastructural study, macrophages contained electron-dense granules admixed with lipofuscin-like material in residual bodies.
Aged ; Antihypertensive Agents ; Duodenum ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Iron ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Macrophages ; Melanosis* ; Middle Aged ; Mucous Membrane ; Pigmentation

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the clinical learning environment, supervision and nurse teacher evaluation scale (CLES+T) that measures the clinical learning environment and the conditions associated with supervision and nurse teachers. METHODS: The English CLES+T was translated into Korean with forward and back translation. Survey data were collected from 434 nursing students who had more than four days of clinical practice in Korean hospitals. Internal consistency reliability and construct validity using confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis were conducted. SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 22.0 programs were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The exploratory factor analysis revealed seven factors for the thirty three-item scale. Confirmatory factor analysis supported good convergent and discriminant validities. The Cronbach's alpha for the overall scale was .94 and for the seven subscales ranged from .78 to .94. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the 33-items Korean CLES+T is an appropriate instrument to measure Korean nursing students'clinical learning environment with good validity and reliability.
Humans ; Learning ; Nursing ; Organization and Administration ; Preceptorship ; Reproducibility of Results ; Statistics as Topic ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the clinical learning environment, supervision and nurse teacher evaluation scale (CLES+T) that measures the clinical learning environment and the conditions associated with supervision and nurse teachers. METHODS: The English CLES+T was translated into Korean with forward and back translation. Survey data were collected from 434 nursing students who had more than four days of clinical practice in Korean hospitals. Internal consistency reliability and construct validity using confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis were conducted. SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 22.0 programs were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The exploratory factor analysis revealed seven factors for the thirty three-item scale. Confirmatory factor analysis supported good convergent and discriminant validities. The Cronbach's alpha for the overall scale was .94 and for the seven subscales ranged from .78 to .94. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that the 33-items Korean CLES+T is an appropriate instrument to measure Korean nursing students'clinical learning environment with good validity and reliability.

The N-terminal sequence of HIV1 gp41 (amino acid residues 584-623) was known to be the immundominant region of HIV1 gp41 protein. In order to determine epitope for gp41 protein of Korean anti-HIV1 positive sera, multiple antigenic peptides (MAPs) for the sequences corresponding to 584-604, 590-612, 604-623 and 584-618 of HIV1 gp41 were synthesized by solid phase method using Fmoc-Lys (Fmoc)-OH and used as coating antigens for ELISA. The reactivities of the synthetic peptides with Korean HIV1 positive (21 samples) and anti-HIV1 negative sera (22 samples) obtained from healthy blood doner were estimated by an indirect ELISA. MAPs for 584-604, 590-612 and 604-623 of gp41 reacted with 62 %, 100 % and 81 % of Korean anti-HIV1 positive sera tested, respectively. The results suggest that the epitope for HIV1 gp 41 for Korean anti-HIV1 positive sera is located in the region of amino acid 590-612 of gp41. MAP for gp41 (584-618) reacted with all (100 %) of anti-HIV1 positive sera tested, but did not react with anti-HlV1 negative sera. In addition, this MAP reacted stronger with seven samples of anti-HIV1 positive sera of anti-HIV1/2 combo performance panel than the mixture of 584-604, 590-612 and 604-623 of gp41, but did not react with anti-HIV negative serum. The high sensitivity and selectivity of MAP of gp41 (584-618) suggest that this peptide as a coating antigen in an ELISA system will be useful for antibody detection of HIV1.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epitope Mapping* ; Immune Sera* ; Peptides*