This study was undertaken in order to examine the effect of hardiness on future stress-related physical symptoms in the female students in a longitudinal design. The subjects who participated in this study were 97 female nursing students (in the analysis of data after 1 year). The instruments used for this study were a survey of general characteristics, stress (43 items), hardiness(25 items), and physical symptoms(35 items). Analysis of data was done by use of mean and hierarchical multiple regression with the SAS program. The results of this study were as follows. 1) Main effects of hardiness on future stress-related physical symptoms was found. 2) The stress buffering effects of hardiness were not found.
Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies* ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

Late results of microvascular patency after crush or crush avulsion injury have been relatively poor. A key factor in the poor results may relate to the presence of damaged tissue, but the mechanism of this thrombus formation is still imcompletely understood. One current theory about the origin of thrombus after vessel trauma involves increased exposure of the subendothelial tissue to platelets that adhere and aggregate at the injury site, initiating thrombus formation. Most surgeons have usually used several anticoagulant drugs to prevent thrombosis for 2-3 weeks after trauma or microvascular repair. We thought that Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), which has a number of pharmacologic actions, could promote microvasculature healing and prevent thrombosis. The femoral arteries of rats were dissected. Each group was as follows:-1. group A (n=10): intact group (not crushed vessel),2. group B (n=10); crushing injury (not EGb 761-treated group),3. group C (n=10); crushing injury (EGb 761-treated group). Group B and C underwent crush injury with the energy of 0.07J. We compared patency rate and histological examination. All arteries were patent at postoperative 14 days, and in histologic finding, group C (group with EGb 761 treatment among the crushed injury group) showed significant improvement of vascular endothelial and medial regeneration.
Animals ; Anticoagulants ; Arteries ; Femoral Artery ; Ginkgo biloba* ; Microvessels ; Pharmacologic Actions ; Rats ; Regeneration ; Thrombosis

Replantation after crush amputation has a relatively low success rate. Thrombus formation due to vessel and tissue trauma is considered as the principal cause of failure. In the laboratory and clinically, we have been tried to improve the post-anastomosis patency rate in crushed microvasculature. To accomplish this, we have usually used several anticoagulant drugs. Extracts from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) have been used therapeutically for centuries. EGb exerts a number of pharmacologic actions. Eighty rats were control group and another 80 rats were treated with EGb 761. The femoral arteries underwent crush injury with an energy of 0.4J, and the vessles in each group were divided and anastomosed by a standard microsurgical technique. Each group was comprised as follows: (1) control group(A1,A2): group A1(n=40); intraluminal saline irrigation, group A2(n=40); intraluminal saline irrigation+heparin 40 u/ml(IV). (2) EGb 761 treated group(B1, B2): groupB1(n=40); intraluminal saline irrigation, group B2(n=40); intraluminal saline irrigation + heparin 40 u/ml(IV). At postoperative 14 days, the patency rates were; group A1 20%, group A2 77.5%, group B1 47.5%, group B2 92.5%. These results were interpreted as follows: the patency rate was significantly increased in the EGb 761-only treated group(p>0.01), the heparin-only treated group(p>0.01), and the EGb 761 and heparin-combined at crushed microvessel surgery. However the patency rate of the EGb-only treated group was significantly lower than that of the heparin-only treated group(p>0.01). And in the EGb 761 and heparin-combined treated group compared to the heparin-only treated group, there was some patency rate increase in the combined treated group, but there was no significant difference between them(p=0.060).
Amputation ; Animals ; Anticoagulants ; Femoral Artery ; Ginkgo biloba* ; Heparin ; Microvessels* ; Pharmacologic Actions ; Rats* ; Replantation ; Thrombosis

PURPOSE: This study examined degrees of irrational parenthood cognition, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), spousal support, and quality of life and investigated factors that influence the quality of life of infertile women. METHODS: Research design was a cross sectional correlational survey with a total of 113 female patients receiving treatment for infertility. Data were collected from August 1 to November 30, 2015. The collected data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean score of the quality of life was 59.0±14.8. The quality of life was significantly associated with irrational parenthood cognition (r=-.70), post traumatic stress disorder (r=-.65), and spousal support (r=.56). The factors significantly affecting the quality of life in infertile women were irrational parenthood cognition (β=-.45), post traumatic stress disorder (β=-.34), and spousal support (β=.32). The explained variance by these factors was 70.4%, and the regression model was valid (F=89.81, p<.001). CONCLUSION: This study may contribute to the development of nursing intervention program to improve the quality of life of infertile women.
Cognition* ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility ; Nursing ; Quality of Life* ; Research Design ; Stress Disorders, Traumatic*

PURPOSE: In most cases of nasal bone fracture, closed reduction with internal or external splint fixation approach is selected. However, because of indiscriminate insertion of the internal splint without considering of anatomical difference or deformity, insufficient fixation happens frequently that need additional fixation. Therefore, we suggest a new method for providing adequate support in reduced nasal bone by carving Merocel(R) that is fixed for the anatomical structure. METHODS: Closed reduction and internal fixation with carved Merocel(R) was performed in 15 nasal bone fracture patients from March, 2010 to July, 2010. Each patient was evaluated by physical examination, facial photographic check, simple X-ray, and computerized tomography. On the first day post-operation, location of packing and amount of reduction were checked by follow up X-ray and computerized tomography. In addition, patients' symptoms were evaluated. During the 3-month post-op follow up at out-patient clinic, operator, 2 doctors in training and one assistant performed the objective evaluations by physical examination on nasal dorsal hump, nasal deviation, nasal depression, nasal breath difficulty, and nasal airway obstruction. A survey of subjective patients' satisfaction in 4-stages was also performed. RESULTS: The results of follow-up computerized tomography of the 15 patients revealed that 11 patients had good reduced state. Three patients with combined maxillary frontal process fracture had over reductions. A survey performed on the first day post-operation showed that 14 of 15 patients answered that their current symptoms were more than tolerable. At the 3-month follow-up physical exam, one case had a dorsal hump. However, there were no nasal deviations, nasal depressions, nasal breath difficulties, or nasal airway obstructions. Twelve of the 15 patients answered more than moderate on the 3-month survey. CONCLUSION: Intranasal packing after carving the Merocel(R) considering anatomical structure is a new effective method to promote proper-reduction, maintain stability, and minimize patients' symptoms by addition of a simple procedure.
Airway Obstruction ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Depression ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Closed ; Humans ; Nasal Bone ; Nasal Obstruction ; Outpatients ; Physical Examination ; Splints

PURPOSE: This study evaluated fracture resistance with regard to ferrule lengths and post reinforcement on endodontically treated mandibular premolars incorporating a prefabricated post and resin core. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred extracted mandibular premolars were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=20): intact teeth (NR); endodontically treated teeth (ETT) without post (NP); ETT restored with a prefabricated post with ferrule lengths of either 0 mm (F0), 1 mm (F1), or 2 mm (F2). Prepared teeth were restored with metal crowns. A thermal cycling test was performed for 1,000 cycles. Loading was applied at an angle of 135 degrees to the axis of the tooth using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 2.54 mm/min. Fracture loads were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test using a statistical program (α=.05). RESULTS: There were statistical differences in fracture loads among groups (P<.001). The fracture load of F2 (237.7 ± 83.4) was significantly higher than those of NP (155.6 ± 74.3 N), F0 (98.8 ± 43.3 N), and F1 (152.8 ± 78.5 N) (P=.011, P<.001, and P=.008, respectively). CONCLUSION: Fracture resistance of ETT depends on the length of the ferrule, as shown by the significantly increased fracture resistance in the 2 mm ferrule group (F2) compared to the groups with shorter ferrule lengths (F0, F1) and without post (NP).
Bicuspid* ; Crowns ; Tooth

PURPOSE: Squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) of the lower lip is the most common malignant tumor comprising 90% of all lip SCC. The typical picture of SCC of the lower lip is of an ulcerated lesion with raised margins. Surgery is the treatment of choice for SCC of lower lip. Depending on the location and size of the tumor, different types of flaps are used. We used new method ? 'both buccal mucosa transposition flap' for the reconstruction of the near total mucosal defect of the lower lip. METHODS: This 67-year-old men presented with the crusted 1x1cm sized ulceration of the lower lip that was arised 30 years ago. There were no size or color change, except the bleeding and ulceration. At first, We diagnosed the SCC through the incisional biopsy. Then We performed the wide excision of the tumor and reconstruction of the lower lip. After the excision of the whole tumor, the defect was measured at 8x3.5cm. We designed the buccal mucosa transposition flap taking care to avoid the parotid duct. The flap was made in a triangular shape for the reconstruction of defected lower lip. The donor site defect can be sutured primarily. RESULTS: A patient in this study had no postoperative complications such as necrosis, dehiscence, infection of the flap or donor site. Reconstructed lower lip is relatively close to that of the natural lip; More satisfactory aesthetic and functional results can be obtained by using this technique rather than other techniques. CONCLUSION: 'Both buccal mucosa transposition flap' is reliable method for the reconstruction of the large lower lip mucosal defect. The operation is simple and performed in one stage, with no postoperative complications. This technique can offer consistently good functional and esthetic outcomes after reconstruction of lower lip mucosal defect.
Aged ; Biopsy ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Lip ; Male ; Mouth Mucosa ; Necrosis ; Postoperative Complications ; Tissue Donors ; Ulcer

PURPOSE: Adhesion after flexor tendon injury is a result of fibrosis between tendon and tendon sheath. This, finally interfere with gliding mechanism of tendon and results in functional problem of hands. Therefore, there have been many trials to reduce adhesion around the tendon. However, there is no standard procedure clinically practiced in hospitals. Mitomycin-C is an antineoplastic alkylating agent that decrease fibroblast proliferation and scar formation. It is commonly used in many surgery to reduce postoperative adhesion. This study was designed to observe the effect of Mitomycin-C on preventing adhesion in injured flexor tendon. METHODS: The deep flexor tendon of digit 2 and 4 in the left forepaw of 15 New Zealand White rabbits were subjected to partial tenotomy. In study group, injury site was exposed to a single 5-minute application of Mitomycin-C, and in control group was left untreated. Digit 2 and 4 in the right forepaw of each rabbit were considered as non-adhesion control group. After 2 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and digits were amputated for biomechanical test and histological study. RESULTS: In biomechanical study to measure yield point, mean yield point of non-adhesion control was 17.43+/-2.33 and 25.07+/-4.03 for adhesion control, which proves increase of adhesion in adhesion control group(p<0.05) in 95% confidence. In Mitomycin-C group, mean yield point was 12.71+/-4.97. Compared with adhesion control, there was decrease in adhesiveness in Mitomycin-C group(p<0.05) in 95% confidence. In histological study, the result of adhesion control revealed massive adhesions of bony structure, fibrotic tissue and tendon structure with ablation of the border. However in Mitomycin-C group, we could find increased fibrotic tissue, but adhesion is much lesser than adhesion group and borders between structures remain intact. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that Mitomycin-C can significantly reduce adhesion of injured flexor tendon in rabbit model.
Adhesiveness ; Animals ; Cicatrix ; Fibroblasts ; Fibrosis ; Hand ; Mitomycin ; Rabbits ; Tendon Injuries ; Tendons ; Tenotomy

BACKGROUND: Autologous fat grafts have been widely used for cosmetic purposes and for soft tissue contour reconstruction. Because diabetes mellitus is one of the major chronic diseases in nearly every country, the requirement for fat grafts in diabetes patients is expected to increase continuously. However, the circulation complications of diabetes are serious and have been shown to involve microvascular problems, impairing ischemia-driven neovascularization in particular. After injection, revascularization is vital to the survival of the grafted fat. In this study, the authors attempted to determine whether the diabetic condition inhibits the survival of injected fat due to impaired neovascularization. METHODS: The rat scalp was used for testing fat graft survival. Forty-four seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to a diabetic group or a control group. 1.0 mL of processed fat was injected subcutaneously into the scalp of each rat. The effect of diabetes was evaluated by calculating the volume and the weight of the grafted fat and by histologically analyzing the fat sections. RESULTS: The surviving fat graft volume and weight were considerably smaller in the diabetic group than in the control group (P<0.05), and histological evaluations showed less vascularity, and more cysts, vacuoles, and fibrosis in the diabetic group (P<0.05). Cellular integrity and inflammation were not considerably different in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: As the final outcome, we found that the presence of diabetes might impair the survival and the quality of fat grafts, as evidenced by lower fat graft weights and volumes and poor histologic graft quality.
Adipose Tissue ; Animals ; Chronic Disease ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Angiopathies ; Fibrosis ; Graft Survival ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Male ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Scalp ; Streptozocin ; Transplants* ; Vacuoles ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: Zygoma is a major portion of the midfacial skeleton, forms the malar prominence and the three adjacent bony articulations. Zygoma fracture is a very common in facial trauma. Open reduction and rigid fixation of displaced zygoma fractures are necessary to avoid immediate and delayed facial asymmetry and depression. However, it is possible to happen the complications related to the plates and screws. So, we planned to treat the 24 patients of Group II, III, IV zygoma fractures with precise reduction and non-fixation method via intraoral approach. METHODS: From August, 2006, to August, 2009, we treated 24 cases of zygoma fracture with reduction and non-fixation methods. Before the surgery, we choose the patients who could be treated with this method among the Group II, III, IV patients. RESULTS: No patients in this study had postoperative complications such as displacement of bony fragments, facial depression and asymmetry, malocclusion, hypoesthesia. Satisfactory aesthetic and functional results can be obtained. CONCLUSION: In the treatment of the zygoma fracture, it is possible to treat with precise reduction and non-fixation method. The greatest advantage is to decrease the operative time, no need to wide dissection, no complications related to the plates and screws. For the using of this method, it is necessary to choose the adequate patients through the preoperative planning.
Depression ; Displacement (Psychology) ; Facial Asymmetry ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Imidazoles ; Malocclusion ; Nitro Compounds ; Operative Time ; Postoperative Complications ; Skeleton ; Zygoma