Secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC), which is expressed in T cell zones of secondary lymphoid organs, including the spleen and lymph nodes, strongly recruits both T lymphocytes and mature dendritic cells. As appropriate interaction of tumor-specific T cells and mature dendritic cells, equipped with tumor antigens, is a prerequisite for effective T cell immunity against established tumors, we mobilized lymphocytes and dendritic cells to tumor sites by intratumoral injection of secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine-Fc (SLC-Fc) fusion protein using the B16F10 murine melanoma model. Activation of dendritic cells, another prerequisite for the effective activation of naive tumor-specific T cells, was achieved by the addition of immunostimulatory cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) into the tumor site. Intratumoral administration of SLC-Fc or CpG-ODN revealed antitumor effects against B16F10 murine melanoma grown in the subcutaneous space. Co-treatment of SLC-Fc and CpG-ODN displayed synergistic effects in reducing the tumor size. The synergistic antitumor effect in co-treatment group was correlated with the synergistic/additive increase in the infiltration of CD4+ T cells and CD11c+ dendritic cells in the tumor mass compared to the single treatment groups. These results suggest that the combined use of chemokines and adjuvant molecules may be a possible strategy in clinical tumor immunotherapy.
Animals ; Antigens, CD11c/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Chemokine CCL21/*administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte ; Dendritic Cells/immunology/metabolism ; Immunotherapy ; Injections, Intralesional ; Melanoma, Experimental/*immunology/*therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/*administration & dosage/pharmacology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to verify the algorithm on bio-signals for a home-health management system. METHODS: A methodological study was done to verify the blood pressure and blood sugar algorithm to deliver tailored patient information. The verifying process was as follows: Step 1; development of the algorithm through a literature review, Step 2; programming the algorithm using Microsoft SQL Server 2005 and Visual Studio 2005, Step 3; Reviewing of the algorithm by examining results from the home-health management system and experts' evaluation Step 4; evaluating the agreement of the algorithm by comparison between results from the home-health management system and intended results using bio-signal data set, and completion of the algorithm. RESULTS: Discordance rate between results from the home-health management system and intended results for blood pressure and blood sugar were 5.72% and 2.04%, respectively. Also, discordance rate between results from the home-health management system and experts' evaluation of blood pressure and blood sugar were 30.38% and 20.41%, respectively. All discordance were revised until all the researchers reached agreement. CONCLUSION: The home-health management system with an accurate algorithm on bio-signals can contribute to promote clients' health and reduce the cost of medical services.
Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Dataset ; Humans ; Methods

PURPOSE: To determine the clinical and mammographic characteristics of primary lymphoma of the breast. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical and mammographic records of five patients (six breasts; bilateral involvement in one patient) with histologically-proven lymphoma of the breast were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: All patients had complained of a palpable tender mass with relatively rapid growth over a period of about 3 months. In five cases, the mass was located in the right breast and in one case in the left. Mammography revealed diffuse increased opacity of the entire breast in three cases, a homogeneous well-defined mass in one, multiple well-defined masses in one, and ill-defined lobulated opacity in one. Skin thickening and architectural distortion was seen in one case, and axillary lymphadenopathy in two. In no case was microcalcification and nipple retraction seen. CONCLUSION: In primary breast lymphoma, mammographic finding are non-specific. When a breast grows rapidly and is tender, however, and mammography shows a relatively large well defined mass and associated axillary lymphadenoapathy, the possibility of primary lymphoma should be considered.
Breast* ; Humans ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Lymphoma* ; Mammography ; Nipples ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin

No abstract available.
Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Phagocytosis*

BACKGROUND:We have often observed arm withdrawal on administering rocuronium. This study was performed to determine the cause and to prevent this movement by mixing rocuronium with lidocaine or sodium bicarbonate. METHODS: Sixty-two patients, ASA I-II, were randomized into three groups for this blind, prospective study. After induction of anesthesia by thiopental sodium 0.5 mg/kg, each group received rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg alone (group R), with 2% (2 ml) lidocaine (group L), or rocuronium with an equivalent volume of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (group S). Patients' responses to the injection were graded using a 4-point scale and the pHs of the mixtures were measured. RESULTS: The incidence rate of arm withdrawal was more reduced in groups L (47%) and S (45%) than in group R (80%) (P < 0.05). Severe withdrawal movement (grade 3) did not occur in group S (0%). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and the degree of withdrawal movement in response to the injection of rocuronium were significantly reduced by mixing an equivalent volume of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate with rocuronium.
Anesthesia ; Arm ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Incidence ; Lidocaine* ; Prospective Studies ; Sodium Bicarbonate* ; Sodium* ; Thiopental

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to assess the potential users' needs for a tele-health surveillance system and to develop a program that reflects the clients' needs. METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted using interviews with a questionnaire during home visitations. Four hundred subjects from residences two affluent areas of Korea were selected by convenience sampling. RESULTS: Through the tele-health surveillance system, they wanted to manage diseases such as heart disease(23.0%), cancers(20.5%) and endocrine diseases(17.5%). The highest score for areas of the tele-health surveillance system was cancer screening. The most highly preferred reporting system was immediate reporting of the screening results by a personal digital assistant with a tailored health management system that reflects their own bio-signals. CONCLUSION: Potential users want to manage their health in disease prevention and health promotion as well as treating diseases. These aspects should be considered in the development and utilization of a tele-health surveillance system.
Computers, Handheld ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Equidae* ; Health Promotion ; Heart ; House Calls ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Needs Assessment ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Telemedicine

In 2018, The Ministry of Health and Welfare announced its first comprehensive plan for patient safety, which included the imperative to develop a patient safety curriculum for students studying to become health professionals. The aim of this study is to assess current patient safety education and points of consideration for introducing new curriculum. An online survey was used to understand the status of patient safety education in medical schools, and key informant interviews and focus group interviews were used to collect qualitative data on the experience of patient safety education. The results of the online survey from 16 out of 40 medical schools (40% response rate) and the qualitative data analysis were integrated and analyzed. Twelve schools (75%) had established courses related to patient safety. The qualitative responses suggest that patient safety education is appropriate both before and after clinical training through a variety of educational methods, and that the topics should be linked with clinical training. The challenge of securing lecture time to address patient safety was mentioned as a realistic obstacle. When patient safety education is integrated in future curriculum, it is necessary to consider it as a priority. Moreover, in the early stages of introducing patient safety education, a step-by-step, policy-based approach is required for seamless adoption and settlement.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to explore and understanding the nature of the shift workers' experience in industries requiring 24 hours-a-day service provision and support. For the purpose, the present researcher made a research question, "What are workers' experience in the shift work?" METHODS: In the study, 5 male shift workers, 3 female shift worker and a woman (key informant) whose husband is a shift worker participated. Then profound interviews with the participants were made after their agreement. RESULTS: The researcher classified the significant statements under 6 theme clusters, 1) sense of difference; 2) worries about health; 3) draining of emotion; 4) anxiety; 5) sadness; and 6) being comfortable. CONCLUSIONS: Shift work which is inevitable in modern society may have severe influences on shift workers' physical, mental and psychological aspects by causing their work cycle rhythm to be unbalanced. Finally, the researcher hopes that the results of the study would help understand workers' life and increase social concern and support to the workers.
Anxiety ; Female ; Hope ; Humans ; Male ; Spouses

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the essence of the experiences of patients in an ICU, and to understand them from the patients' point of view. METHODS: Participants in this study were six patients in P hospital. Data collection consisted of in-depth interviews and an observation method done from January to April in 2005. The method was analysis using the phenomenological method proposed by Colaizzi(1978). RESULTS: The themes were classified into eight theme clusters. The eight theme clusters were finally grouped into four categories, 'shock', 'pain', 'gratefulness' and 'pleasure of revival'. CONCLUSION: The ICU patients had negative experiences in physical.mental critical situations, but also positive experiences in consolation and nurses and families' encouragement. Therefore, ICU nurses must support patients and their families to minimize the negative experiences and maximize the positive experiences.
Adult ; Aged ; Attitude to Health ; Critical Illness/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Inpatients/*psychology ; *Intensive Care Units ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nursing Methodology Research ; Patient Transfer ; Qualitative Research

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of mental health hospital workers. METHODS: Participants in the study were a total of 8 mental health hospital workers who consisted of nurses, social welfare workers and health managers. To prevent them from being omitted, the interviews were all recorded under the participants prior agreement. The method was analysis using the phenomenological method proposed by Colaizzi(1978). RESULTS: The experiences of the participants of this study were classified into 15 significant areas, from which 10 subjects hard work, conflicts, heavy feeling, irritability, getting familiar, changes of recognition, aptitude determination, feeling of achievement and sense of pride were drawn out. These subjects were then grouped into 5 themes. These five themes were finally grouped into 5 categories, negative emotion, depressive emotion, changes of thinking, delight and value discovery. CONCLUSIONS: The study tried to analyze the experiences of key informants like nurses, social welfare workers and health managers all of whom were serving at mental health hospitals, contribute to social recognition about the special medical establishment, promote qualitative mental health nursing and further provide educational information necessary for understanding mental health hospital workers.
Health Personnel/*psychology ; Helping Behavior ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; *Mental Health ; Models, Nursing ; Nursing Staff, Hospital/*psychology ; Workplace/psychology