The purpose of this study were to find out the practical way to enlarged child-raising knowledge and to enhance their satisfaction with out-patient care by evaluating how effectively the education is done by nurses for mothers with ill-child and how their satisfaction with out-patient care changed. This study was designed as a Nonequivalent Control Group study. The subjects studied were consisted of the experimental and control group. Each consisted of 50 mothers with ill-child in pediatric department at one university hospital in Seoul. The period of this study is from May 20, 1996 to June 28, 1996. The first data were collected fro both of experimental and control groups in which mothers with ill-child come to the hospital for the first time. After this being done, the experimental group had been educated by the planned program and then the second data were collected from them. On the contrary, as for the control group, there had been no education and the second data were collected on the same method. The data analysis was done by SPSS program. The results of this study are as follow, 1. The child-raising knowledge level of mothers with education was higher than that of with no education.(t=18.84, df=49, p=0.000) 2. The satisfaction with out-patient care level of mothers with education was higher than that of no education.(t=10.51, df=49, p=0.000) Based on these results, I suggest as follow, 1. The research on the patients and their family should be made not only in pediatric department, but in every out-patient department. 2. For more effective education, it is required for all out-patient nurses to research the education demand of patients and their family. 3. To increase the effect of education, there must be the consultation room in out-patient department. 4. The meetings with the mothers with ill-child of the same illness have to be established and periodical education must be executed. 5. Audio-visual education programs like video tapes are needed to make use of waiting time for the medical treatment. 6. On-line consulting program are needed.
Education ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Outpatients* ; Seoul ; Statistics as Topic ; Child Health

The author list should be corrected.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to develop a structural model to assess and forecast the quality of life in climacteric women, focusing the concept of salutogenesis. Methods: Participants were sourced from two urban locations through convenience sampling. Data collection involved questionnaires, analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 20.0. Assessment instruments comprised the Menopause Rating Scale, New General Self-Efficacy Scale, Sense of Coherence Scale, and the Korean version of the WHOQOL-BREF. Results: The fit indices of the proposed model met recommended standards. The sense of coherence, menopausal symptoms, and self-efficacy accounted for 58% of the quality of life variance, with sense of coherence emerging as the most significant predictor. Menopausal symptoms directly and negatively affected quality of life (β=-0.30, p<0.001), and had an indirect influence through self-efficacy and integration (β=-0.30, p<0.001). Self-efficacy positively influenced quality of life directly (β=0.27, p<0.001) and indirectly through integration (β=0.14, p=0.001). Integration positively affected quality of life directly (β=0.36, p<0.001). Conclusion Interventions to bolster sense of coherence are crucial for enhancing the quality of life among climacteric women.

BACKGROUND: Various molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA hybridization have been introduced to diagnose the hepatitis B more accurately. Recently, Hybrid Capture Assay (HCA) was developed, which uses the signal amplification solution hybridization capture assay with chemiluminescent detector. So we evaluated the sensitivity and clinical utility of the HCA and PCRs for the detection of hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV DNA) and compared these results with serologic markers. METHODS: We analysed the 50 samples from the hepatitis B patients using enzyme immunoassay, HCA and nested PCRs with two different primer sets. The primers of PCR I and PCR II were targeted to pol and core region respectively. RESULTS: In 18 cases, HBV DNA were detected by HCA in which the positive rates by PCR I and PCR II were 55.6%, and 88.9%, respectively. And in 32 cases in which HBV DNA by HCA was negative, the positive rates by PCR I and PCR II were 6.2% and 31.3%, respectively. In 44 cases which were positive for HBsAg, the positive rates for HBV DNA were 38.6% by HCA, 27.3% by PCR I, and 56.8% by PCR II. In cases positive for HBeAg, the positive rates were 93.3% by HCA, 60.0% by PCR I and 80.0% by PCR II. In cases positive for anti-HBe and negative for HBeAg, the positive rates were 10.3% by HCA, 10.3% by PCR I, and 44.8% by PCR II. CONCLUSIONS: Both HCA and PCR compensated each other yet as to the accurate investigation of the viral replication in patients with hepatitis B and the sensitivity was better in HBV PCR with primers to core region than to pol region.
DNA ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Polymerase Chain Reaction*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships of pain cognition, performance status, and hope with health-related quality of life. METHODS: Patients(n=149) with various cancer diagnoses completed the SF-36 standard Korean Version and the Herth Hope Index. The Perceived Meanings of Cancer Pain Inventory was used to measure the cognition dimension of pain, whereas the Brief Pain Inventory Korean version was used to represent the sensory dimension of pain. RESULTS: The patients in the pain group had significant differences in the three dimensions(loss, threat, spiritual awareness) of pain cognition. There were statistically significant negative correlations between the three dimensions(loss, threat, and spiritual awareness) of pain cognitions and SF-36 dimension, and the positive correlations between challenge dimension and SF-36 dimension. Hope had the positive correlation with SF-36 dimensions. CONCLUSION: Pain has a negative impact on health-related quality of life, especially on physical health. However, patients who ascribed more positive meaning to their pain, tended to have a higher quality of life. Therefore, nursing intervention to reinforce the positive aspects of pain cognition is to empower patients to create a sense of control and assume an active role in pain management and quality of life.
Cognition* ; Diagnosis ; Hope* ; Humans ; Nursing ; Pain Management ; Quality of Life*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand depression in women with endometriosis and to identify the factors influencing depression. METHOD: The instruments used were the Beck Depression Inventory for depression, Lemaire Scale for endometriosis syndrome, Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale-Community form (MUIS-C), the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, and Quality of Life (Endometriosis Health Profile Questionnaire; EHP-5) by Jones et al. The Subjects of Study were 118 outpatients diagnosed with endometriosis from 7 hospitals in Busan City and Kyungsangnam-do. Data was collected from Aug 1, 2004 to Jan 31, 2005. For statistical analysis of collected data, frequency analysis, analysis of variance, and stepwise multiple regression analysis were used with the SPSS statistical program. RESULT: The general characteristic showing a statistically significant difference in depression in the women with endometriosis was marital status. The score of the depression showed a significantly positive correlation with the score of endometriosis TSD(r= .464, p= .000), uncertainty(r= .393, p= .000), and quality of life(r= .543, p= .000). Depression showed a significantly negative correlation with the score of self esteem(r= - .557, p= .000). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of depression in the women with endometriosis was self-esteem (R2=0.311). A combination of self esteem, quality of life, and total symptom distress accounted for 50.0% of the variance in depression in women with endometriosis. CONCLUSION: The influencing factor on depression in women with endometriosis was self- esteem, quality of life, and endometriosis TSD. Further studies need to be done to identify methods of overcoming and the presentation of depression in endometriosis.
Self Concept ; *Quality of Life ; Middle Aged ; Humans ; Female ; Endometriosis/*psychology ; Depression/*etiology/psychology ; Adult

Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient for human and plays an important role as a cofactor for several enzymes involving fatty acid synthesis, hepatic gluconeogenesis, and oxidative stresses. Also, Mn intake status has been reported to have beneficial effects in reversing metabolic dysfunction including obesity and nonalcoholic steatosis which is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stresses, however, information on dietary Mn intake in Koreans are limited. Hence we investigated the relationship between dietary Mn intake and antioxidant defense factors in healthy and obese subjects. Total of 333 healthy subjects were recruited in the study and were assigned to one of three study groups: a normal group (18.5-22.9), a overweight group (23-24.9), and a obesity group (>25) according to their body mass index (BMI). We assessed Mn intakes (24-hr recall method) and several indicators for antioxidative defenses such as glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and urinary malonaldehyde (MDA). Results showed that body weight and blood pressure of study subjects were increased in dependent of their BMI (p < 0.01). However dietary Mn intakes and oxidative stress biomarkers (GSH, GPx, and MDA) were not significantly different by groups defined by BMI. In correlation analysis adjusting for age, sex and energy intake, dietary Mn intake of the subjects in different BMI categories were not significantly correlated with GSH, GPx, MDA and showed a weak or no association with these oxidative stress markers. In conclusion dietary Mn intake at least in this study has a little or no influence on markers of oxidative status in both healthy and obese subjects.
Adult* ; Biomarkers* ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index* ; Body Weight ; Energy Intake ; Gluconeogenesis ; Glutathione ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Humans ; Malondialdehyde ; Manganese* ; Micronutrients ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Oxidative Stress*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify awareness levels and influencing factors of sexual harassment and gender egalitarianism among college students. METHODS: This study was based on a questionnaire survey with a total of 1,244 college students. The copies of the questionnaire were collected from November 2 to December 20, 2011. RESULTS: The average level of sexual harassment and gender egalitarianism among students from the Youngnam province was higher than those of other province. The average level of the sexual harassment and gender egalitarianism among those students who were majoring in healthcare sciences was higher than that among those who were majoring in other subjects than arts and sports sciences. The influencing factors on the recognition of gender egalitarianism were genders and sexual experiences. The influencing factors on the recognition of sexual harassment were genders and ages. CONCLUSION: This study identified college students' awareness of sexual harassment, gender egalitarianism and influencing factors associated with them. It is expected that this study will be helpful for developing strategies for the prevention of sexual harassment for college students.
Coat Protein Complex I ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humans ; Sexual Harassment ; Sports ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to construct and test a structural equation modeling on the reproductive health behavior of single women with sexual experiences. This study employed Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). METHODS: The data were collected after receipt of consent from 250 single women with sexual experiences, and analyzed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. RESULTS: Model fit indices for the hypothetical model were suitable for the recommended level: x²=362.407, RMR=0.065, RMSEA=0.070, GFI=0.867. TLI=0.927, CFI=0.938, IFI=0.939, and x²/dF=2.237. Intention showed direct effect with the biggest effect being on reproductive health behavior. Attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control were found to have a direct effect on intention. Among them, perceived behavioral control revealed the largest influence. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the TPB is a suitable model in explaining the reproductive health behavior of single women with sexual experience. Strategic plans for educational and intervention programs should be aimed to encourage single women to engage in reproductive health behavior.
Female ; Humans ; Intention ; Reproductive Health* ; Single Person*

PURPOSE: To develop Pregnancy Risk symptom Perception Scale (PRPS) and evaluate its validity and reliability. METHODS: A preliminary 30-item version of PRPS was developed through literature review, in-depth interview, and Content Validity. Each item was scored on a four-point Likert scale. The preliminary scale was developed based on 301 pregnant women who visited a hospital. Date were analyzed using item analysis, factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's α (0.90 for total item, 0.80 to 0.88 for factors). RESULTS: The PRPS consisted of 27 items. Three factors (physical, environmental, and emotional factors) explained 55% of the total variance. Cronbach's Criterion validity was supported by comparison with the Perception of Pregnancy Risk Questionnaire (r=0.34). In reliability test, the reliability coefficient of pregnancy risk symptom perception was high at 0.90. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the pregnancy risk symptom perception scale developed in this study comprises items that can assess the level of pregnant women's pregnancy risk symptom perception in Korea. Its validity and reliability were proven. PRPS can be utilized to measure pregnant women's risk symptom perception during pregnancy. PRPS will contribute to the development of systematic prenatal care and effective risk management.
Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnant Women ; Prenatal Care ; Reproducibility of Results ; Risk Management