PURPOSE: To compare intraocular straylight in normal and cataractous eyes as the morphology and to compare straylight as the result of subjective symptoms in early cataract cases using the C-quant straylight meter, the only tool to measure light scattering in media. METHODS: Straylight values were measured in 217 normal eyes and 138 cataractous eyes. Cataractous eyes were classified into posterior subcapsular opacity, anterior subcapsular opacity and nucleosclerosis. Straylight values of each group were measured. The 56 early cataractous eyes were categorized into two groups, depending on the presence of subjective symptoms, and each straylight value was measured. The preoperative and postoperative straylight values of early cataracts were also compared. RESULTS: The mean straylight values of normal and cataractous eyes were 1.34 and 2.46, respectively. The value of posterior subcapsular opacity (2.81) was significantly higher than that of anterior subcapsular opacity (2.33) and nucleosclerosis (1.99). The straylight values of early cataracts were significantly higher in the group with subjective symptoms (2.02) than in the group without subjective symptoms (1.56). The postoperative straylight value decreased to 1.42. CONCLUSIONS: The posterior subcapsular cataract showed significantly high intraocular straylight, indicating that light scattering occurred to a greater extent in this group. Light scattering occurred more in early cataractous eyes with subjective symptoms than in eyes without symptoms, and light scattering was reduced after surgery. The C-quant straylight meter, which measures the light scattering in media, can be a useful tool to determine the time of cataract surgery and to evaluate the quality of vision.
Cataract ; Eye ; Light ; Vision, Ocular

No abstract available.
Gastric Emptying*

No abstract available.
Radionuclide Imaging*

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a demyelinating disease of probable autoimmune etiology. The MR images of patients with clinically suspected ADEM were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical symptoms occurred 5 days to 1 month after viral upper respiratory infection (4) and Coxsakie viral infection(1). The symptoms had begun with fever(3), headache(3), sore throat(1), and drowsy mental state (1), which progressed with monophasic course to altered mental change(2), extremity weakness(2), seizure(1) and/or cerebellary symptom(I) MRI findings of ADEM showed patchy(4), nonhemorrhagic(5), asymmetric(5) high signal intensity lesions on T2-weighted images. The number of the lesions was mostly multiple(4). The lesions mainly involved the brain stem(3) and subcortical white matter(3). Follow-up MR images of 13 days to 20 days after high dose steroid therapy showed marked improvement in two of three, which well correlated with clinical manifestations. MR findin of multiple, patchy, nonhemorrhagic and asymmetric lesions in subcortical white matter and brain stem on T2-weighted images seem to be characteristic features of ADEM, but nonspecific. Therefore, clinical correlation is required in evaluating ADEM.
Brain ; Brain Stem ; Demyelinating Diseases ; Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated ; Extremities ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Retrospective Studies ; White Matter

The 16 cases of patient with Hodgkin's disease admitted to Department of Pediatrics. Yonsei Cancer Center, Collage of Medicine, Yonsei University during 15 years from January 1975 to December 1989 were reviewed on the basis of clinical charicteristics, treatment and survival rate. The results were summerized as follows. 1) The mean age of patients was 7.6 4.1(range 2~15 years of age). 2) The clinical symptoms and signs were fever (50%), cervical lymphoadenpathy (44%), weight loss(25%), night sweat sweat(19%), hepatomegaly (13%) in order. 3) The stage by Ann Arbor classification revealed Stage I (19%), Stage II (37%), Stage III (19%), stage IV (25%). 4) The histologic subtype of the 14 cases confirmed by Rye Classification revealed that mixed cellularity type (57%) was the most common and lymphocyte predominant type (28%), nodular 5) The seven patients were treated by combind modality therapy, and the six patients by chemotherapy only and the three patients by radiotherapy only. 6) Overall 5 year survival rate was 69% in all patients, and 100% in Stage I, II, 67% in Stage III, but the patients of Stage IV were all died within 7 months.
Classification ; Drug Therapy ; Fever ; Hepatomegaly ; Hodgkin Disease* ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; Pediatrics ; Radiotherapy ; Secale ; Survival Rate ; Sweat

No abstract available.
Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Phagocytosis*

In this paper, we provide an overview of statistical models for haplotype-based association studies, and summarize their features based on the design matrix. We classify the design matrix into the two types: direct and indirect. For these two kinds of matrices, we present and compare characteristics using a simple hypothetical example, and a real data set. The motivation behind this study was to provide practitioners with an improved understanding, to facilitate the informed selection of the appropriate haplotype-based model and to improve the interpretability of the models.
Case-Control Studies ; Dataset ; Haplotypes ; Models, Statistical ; Motivation

The major reason for the chronic graft loss is chronic rejection. The only predictive factor for chronic rejection is a prior acute rejection episode resulting in a poorer long-term outcome. Also the number of acute rejection episodes is a strong predictor of long-term allograft failure. This study evaluated the impact of a first acute rejection episode and the severity of the rejection and the number of acute rejection episodes on allograft survival. Total of 136 renal transplant were performed between August 1987 to January 1996 at Wonkwang university hospital, and we studied 108 renal transplants that were followed for a minimum of 1.5 years. Acute allograft rejection was mainly diagnosed by clinical evaluation and laboratory data. Transplant patients were divided into three groups according to the time to the first acute rejection; no rejection (group I, n=44); acute rejection during the first 6 months (group II, n=42), acute rejection after 6 months (group III, n=22) and divided into four groups according to the number of acute rejection episodes; no rejection (Group A, n=44), one time (Group B, n=24), two times (Group C, n=23), and more than three times (Group D, n=17). Five-year allograft survival rate for group I-III was 96.4%, 82.7%, 58.5%, respectively (p<0.05 for each comparison to group I). Later acute rejection episodes were associated with worse response to rejection therapy and Group III had higher serum creatinine concentration after rejection therapy than Group II (2.46 1.13 mg/dl vs 1.19 0.7 mg/dl, p<0.05). Five-year allograft survival rate for group A-D was 93.4%, 73.2%, 57.4%, 74.5%, respectively, Group A shows higher graft survival rate, but there was not significant difference in long-term allograft survival among Group B-D. We conclude that late occurrence of a first acute rejection portends a worse prognosis for long-term allograft survival and decreases response to rejection therapy and results in poor graft function. Prevention of later rejection may require a broader focus, with additional efforts directed at improving patient compliance and renal allograft monitoring.
Allografts ; Creatinine ; Graft Survival* ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation ; Patient Compliance ; Prognosis ; Survival Rate ; Transplants*

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine influence of cognitive function, disease severity and disability on ability to perform activity of daily living (ADL) after ischemic stroke. METHODS: A total of 88 patients with ischemic stroke were recruited from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2012 and assessed with the standardized cognitive test battery and self-reports about disease severity, disability, and ADL. To analyze the data, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression were conducted using SPSS/WIN program. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between ADL and visuospatial function, visual memory, executive function, and disability (r=.29~.38). Executive function and disability explained 17.3% of total variability in ADL performance after ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION: Executive function may be a promising target for cognitive rehabilitation after ischemic stroke. Thus, effective therapeutic interventions such as cognitive training for stroke patients should be considered to improve their ability to perform ADL.
Activities of Daily Living* ; Cognition ; Executive Function ; Humans ; Memory ; Rehabilitation ; Severity of Illness Index ; Stroke*

Aspirin has been used for decades for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The effect of aspirin in secondary prevention is well-known but is still debatable for primary prevention. Despite the controversy, aspirin is believed to have a beneficial effect in primary prevention and has been widely used. However, whether the doubts concerning the wide use of aspirin are correct has resulted in the publication of data from several large clinical trials recently. There are several clinical guidelines from various international organizations on the use of aspirin for the primary prevention of CVD, and they offer some conflicting recommendations. A reduction in the overall incidence of CVD with the development of modern prevention therapies has weakened the impact of aspirin in primary prevention. Large randomized clinical trials have found decreased or no difference in CVD events but a significant increase in the risk of bleeding. Taking aspirin for the primary prevention of CVD is no longer recommended, especially for patients who have a low to moderate risk. An assessment of the balance between the benefits and risks of aspirin use should be considered.
Aspirin ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Primary Prevention ; Publications ; Risk Assessment ; Secondary Prevention