Many contraceptive methods have been developed over the years due to high demand. However, female contraceptive pills and devices do not work for all females due to health conditions and side effects. Also, the number of males who want to actively participate in family planning is gradually increasing. However, the only contraceptive options currently available to males are condoms and vasectomy. Therefore, many male contraceptive methods, including medication (hormonal and nonhormonal therapy) and mechanical methods, are under development. Reversibility, safety, persistence, degree of invasion, promptness, and the suppression of anti-sperm antibody formation are essential factors in the development of male contraceptive methods. In this paper, male contraceptive methods under development are reviewed according to those essential factors. Furthermore, the timeline for the availability of a new male contraception is discussed.

As a adjuvant, 99m Tc-IDA complex cholescintigraphy has been used to differentiate the causes of jaundice,hepatocellular jaundice from the obstructive jaundice. So we conducted the retrospective study from the 41 casesof cholescintigraphy from the Mar, 83 to Sept. 84 at the Dept. of radiology in the Sonnchyunhyang university todetermine the etiology and differential points in the diagnosing the Jaundice. The following results wereobtainend; 1. As a 1st-ordered parameter, the leading edge hepatic parenchymal transit time was very significant in differentiating the causes of jaundice, among the hepatocellular jaundice, obstructive jaundice due to tumor,and obstructive jaundice due to cholelithiasis. (P<0.01 by X2-test) 2. As a 2nd-ordered parameter, hepaticclearance was very significant in differentiating the hepatocellular jaundice from the jaundice due to partialbiliary obstruction. (P>0.01 by t-test) 3. The difference in hepatic clearance between the biliary obstruction dueto tumor and that of the cholelithiasis, was not significant. (P>0.05 by X2-test) 4. The difference in bile ductdilatation among the hepatocellular jaundice obstructive jaundice due to tumor, and obstructive jaundice due tocholelithiasis, was singnificant in differentiating the causes of jaundice. (P<0.05 by X2-test) 5. Intrahepaticstone showed scintigraphic pooling with partial stasis. 6. Cholescintigraphy was useful to differentiated the Rotor's syndrome from the Dubin-Johnson syndrome, supplying the additional criteria.
Bile ; Cholelithiasis ; Jaundice ; Jaundice, Chronic Idiopathic ; Jaundice, Obstructive ; Retrospective Studies

As the number of young cancer survivors increases, quality of life after cancer treatment is becoming an ever more important consideration. According to a report from the American Cancer Society, approximately 810,170 women were diagnosed with cancer in 2015 in the United States. Among female cancer survivors, 1 in 250 are of reproductive age. Anticancer therapies can result in infertility or sterility and can have long-term negative effects on bone health, cardiovascular health as a result of reproductive endocrine function. Fertility preservation has been identified by many young patients diagnosed with cancer as second only to survival in terms of importance. The development of fertility preservation technologies aims to help patients diagnosed with cancer to preserve or protect their fertility prior to exposure to chemo- or radiation therapy, thus improving their chances of having a family and enhancing their quality of life as a cancer survivor. Currently, sperm, egg, and embryo banking are standard of care for preserving fertility for reproductive-age cancer patients; ovarian tissue cryopreservation is still considered experimental. Adoption and surrogate may also need to be considered. All patients should receive information about the fertility risks associated with their cancer treatment and the fertility preservation options available in a timely manner, whether or not they decide to ultimately pursue fertility preservation. Because of the ever expanding number of options for treating cancer and preserving fertility, there is now an opportunity to take a precision medicine approach to informing patients about the fertility risks associated with their cancer treatment and the fertility preservation options that are available to them.
Adult Stem Cells ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cryopreservation/*methods ; *Embryo, Mammalian ; Female ; Fertility Preservation/*methods ; Humans ; Neoplasms/drug therapy/*therapy ; *Oocytes ; Ovarian Follicle/drug effects/metabolism/transplantation ; *Ovary/transplantation ; Ovulation Induction/methods ; Precision Medicine

BACKGROUND: The Mega Acer Kit(R) (MAK) is a newly designed heated and humidified breathing circuit that warms fluid passing through the circuit lumen. In this study, we investigated the system's efficacy for the perioperative prevention of hypothermia and fluid warming. METHODS: Ninety patients undergoing spinal surgery were enrolled in this study and randomly assigned to 3 groups based on the fluid warming device used: no fluid warming system (Group C, n = 30), via a Standard Ranger (Group R, n = 30), or via the MAK (Group M, n = 30). Distal esophageal temperatures (Teso) and infusion fluid temperature (TF) were recorded at 15 min intervals for duration of 180 min during surgery. If Teso was < 35.0degrees C, a forced-air convective warming device was used. RESULTS: Final Teso values were 34.8 +/- 0.3degrees C, 35.1 +/- 0.1degrees C, and 35.8 +/- 0.3degrees C in groups C, R, and M, respectively (P < 0.01). Teso was significantly higher in group M when compared with that in groups C and R throughout the study period (P < 0.05). The number of patients requiring a forced-air convective warming device was significantly lower in group M (n = 0) when compared with that in groups R (n = 17) and C (n = 30) (P < 0.05). The final infusion fluid temperature was higher in group M when compared with that in groups C and R throughout the study period (35.4 +/- 1.0 vs. 23.0 +/- 0.3 and 32.8 +/- 0.6degrees C; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The MAK is more effective for preventing hypothermia and for warming fluid than the Standard Ranger.
Acer ; Esophagus ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Hypothermia* ; Respiration

No abstract available.
Female ; Humans ; *Ovary ; *Uterus

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to find the association between the depression and perception of obesity by adolescent girls in Jung Eup City, Chollapukdo. The data were collected by questionnaire from July to October, 1996. RESULTS: 1. While the obesity rate of the girls by BMI criteria was 6.0%, 41.1% of girls perceived that they were obese. 2. Forty-eight percent of respondents tried weight control already, and as the method of weight control 33.3% tried exercise, 27.2% reduced food, 23.6% avoided snack before going to bed. 3. while 39.3% among those whose BMI was lower than 20 and 54.2% among those with BMI 20-24 tried weight control, only 5.1% among those who perceived their bodies as slim tried weight control. 4. By the analysis of self-rating depression scale (SDS) only 14.8% was normal without depression and the rest showed high SDS scale; 36.9% as mild, 38.5% as moderate, and 9.7% as severe state of depression. 5. While no statistically significant difference of SDS scores by the size of BMI was shown, significant different of SDS scores was shown among groups with different perception of their obesity and practice of weight control. 6. As a result of stepwise multiple regression analysis, dieting, perceived body image, and body mass index were significantly associated with depression of the adolescent girls. CONCLUSION: Adolescent girls who perceived themselves overweight regardless of actual weight were more likely to diet than other girls. And these characteristics had an influence on the depression of the adolescents. It is suggested that appropriate education should be required to prevent thoughtless weight control of the adolescents and to maintain mental health of the adolescents.
Adolescent* ; Body Image ; Body Mass Index ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Depression* ; Diet ; Education ; Female* ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Obesity* ; Overweight ; Snacks

Isolated aneurysm of the common iliac artery that is secondary to medial degeneration (MD) is a very rare clinical entity. MD is an important histological abnormality that is commonly seen in the annuloaortic ectasia with Marfan syndrome. This abnormality is also observed in congenital aortic disease, atherosclerosis, and aging. This aortic disease develops as the consequences of disruption of the medial elastic layers in association with loss of vascular smooth muscle cells and the accumulation of proteoglycans. An iliac aneurysm greater than 3 cm in diameter should be treated. The treatment options include open surgical replacement with prosthetic graft or endovascular stent grafting. We experienced one case of the isolated common iliac artery aneurysm in a 60 year-old female patient. Her chief complaint was a pulsatile painful mass in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen that she had suffered with for 5 days. She was treated by performing aorto-left external iliac artery bypass with a Dacron graft (10 mm in diameter). The result was excellent. We report here on a case of a isolated common iliac artery aneurysm that was caused by MD, and we include a review of the relevant literature.
Abdomen ; Aging ; Aneurysm* ; Aortic Diseases ; Atherosclerosis ; Blood Vessel Prosthesis ; Dilatation, Pathologic ; Female ; Humans ; Iliac Aneurysm ; Iliac Artery* ; Marfan Syndrome ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; Polyethylene Terephthalates ; Proteoglycans ; Transplants

No abstract available.
Urinary Incontinence*

Multiple biliary papillomatosis involves an epithelial field change of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic portions of the biliary tree. Pathologically it is benign, occasionally with dysplasia, but the clinical behavior is regarded as having a low-grade malignant potential. Such malignancy is rare but the prognosis is poor if it is impossible to remove the tumor completely. Here, we report one case of multiple biliary papillomatosis in the biliary tree.
Biliary Tract ; Papilloma* ; Prognosis

PURPOSE: There is no reported evidence for an anthropometric index that might link obesity to men's sexual health. We evaluated the ability of an anthropometric index and the symptom scores of five widely used questionnaires to detect men's health problems. We determined the predictive abilities of two obesity indexes and other clinical parameters for screening for lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction in middle-aged men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,910 middle-aged men were included in the study. Participants underwent a detailed clinical evaluation that included recording the symptom scores of five widely used questionnaires. The participants' body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio were determined. Serum prostate-specific antigen, urinalysis, testosterone, estimated glomerular filtration rate, evaluation of metabolic syndrome, and transrectal ultrasonography were assessed. RESULTS: By use of logistic regression analysis, age and total prostate volume were independent predictors of lower urinary tract symptoms. Metabolic syndrome was the only significant negative predictive factor for chronic prostatitis symptoms. Age and metabolic syndrome were independent predictive factors for erectile dysfunction. Waist-to-hip ratio had a statistically significant value for predicting erectile dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that total prostate volume is a significant predictor of lower urinary tract symptoms, and central obesity has predictive ability for erectile dysfunction. Metabolic syndrome was the only significant negative predictive factor for chronic prostatitis-like symptoms. The management of correctable factors such as waist-to-hip ratio and metabolic syndrome may be considered preventive modalities against the development of men's health problems.
Aging ; *Body Mass Index ; Erectile Dysfunction/*diagnosis ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/diagnosis ; Male ; *Men's Health ; Metabolic Syndrome X/*physiopathology ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; Organ Size ; Prognosis ; Prostate/*ultrasonography ; Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood ; Prostatitis/*diagnosis ; Testosterone/blood ; Ultrasound, High-Intensity Focused, Transrectal ; *Waist-Hip Ratio