PURPOSE: This cross-sectional study was designed to identify anger-expression typesof adolescent women and investigate the relation between the identified anger-expression types and their problem behaviors and health status. METHOD: One hundred ninety nine high school freshmen were recruited from September to November, 2003. Data wasanalyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, chi-square-test, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple comparison test. RESULT: Three anger-expression types in adolescent women were found; Anger-out/in, Anger-control/in, and Anger- control type. Adolescent women with frequently using the anger-out/in type and with higher state anger reported more delinquent behaviors, more health risk behaviors, and higher psychosomatic symptoms. However, adolescent women with lower state anger and frequently using the anger-control type reported more depression scores. CONCLUSION: There is a need to further clarify the relationship between anger-expression typesand depression in adolescent women. The findings suggest the necessity of a development of the program for lowering the anger level and controlling the unfavorable anger expression types such as the anger-out in.
Adolescent ; *Adolescent Behavior ; *Anger ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; *Expressed Emotion ; Female ; *Health Status ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the types of anger expression in adolescent women. METHODS: The Q-Methodology which provides a method of analyzing the individual's subjectivity was used. The 32 subjects classified 50 selected Q-statements on a 9 point scale to make a normal distribution. The collected data was analyzed by a PCQUANL program. RESULTS: Five types of anger expression in adolescent women were identified. Type I: Direct attacking expression type, Type II: Mature consideration type, Type III: Passive indirect expression type, Type IV: Avoidance conversion type, and Type V: Expression control type. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that different approaches of nursing intervention strategies are recommended based on the five types of anger expression and their characteristics.
Adolescent ; Adolescent Psychology ; Anger/*classification ; Expressed Emotion/*classification ; Female ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Q-Sort ; Questionnaires ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of anger, and its expression type to mental health and psychosomatic symptoms in children of multi-cultural families. METHODS: The data were collected from 125 students in grades 4~6, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test were used with the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. RESULTS: Three anger-expression types were found; low anger expression, anger-out, anger-control/in type. There were significant difference in mental health and psychosomatic symptoms between the upper 25% and lower 25% groups of state-trait anger. Also, levels of state-trait anger and types of anger expression were associated with mental health and psychosomatic symptoms. CONCLUSION: Anger management programs for children in multi-cultural families are necessary to help them lower anger levels and control types of unfavorable anger expression such as the anger-out-in type.
Anger* ; Child* ; Humans ; Mental Health*

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of an individual breast-feeding promotion program to address breast-feeding knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practice for married immigrant women. METHODS: A non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design was used (experimental group=16, control group=17). The intervention consisted of 3 phases: (1) Within 2 hours of delivery - individual breast-feeding training through video/verbal/practical training education and demonstration (2) After 1~2 days - group training using video, model doll, and breast models (3) After 7 days - family visit, counseling, retraining and reinforcement training. The data were analyzed using non-parametric tests with the SPSS program. RESULTS: Married immigrant women who participated in the individual breast-feeding program scored high in knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practice compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the individual breast-feeding program is very effective in increasing breast-feeding knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practicing breast feeding for married immigrant women. So, nurses are encouraged to aggressively utilize individual breast-feeding programs to help married immigrant women, who are exposed to vulnerability due to various situations.
Adult ; *Breast Feeding ; Counseling ; Emigrants and Immigrants/*psychology ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Marriage ; Mothers/psychology ; Pregnancy ; *Program Evaluation ; Social Support ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: The purpose of this descriptive survey study was designed to identify the stress coping types of married immigrant pregnant women and find out the differences in maternal-fetal attachment and maternal identity based on each types. METHODS: 151 married immigrant women who visited 3 women's hospitals located in J-do for pre-pregnancy checkup were selected as study objects. Data were analyzed by dsecriptive statistics, cluster analysis, t- test, ANOVA, and Scheffe multiple comparison test. RESULTS: Cluster analysis revealed 4 distinct stress coping styles; low stress-coping involvement social support-oriented type, high stress-coping involvement hopeful thinking type, low stress-coping involvement type, effective stress coping types. Women frequently using effective stress coping type among the four types reported higher maternal-fetal attachment. The group of active coping styles got significantly higher score on maternal identity. CONCLUSION: Proper stress coping of married immigrant pregnant women regarding pregnancies proved to result in high levels of maternal-fetal attachment and maternal identity. Studies measuring the stress coping styles that affect pregnancies should be continuously conducted.
Emigrants and Immigrants ; Emigration and Immigration* ; Female ; Hope ; Humans ; Maternal-Fetal Relations ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnant Women ; Thinking

A prospective study had been performed in infants with hydronephrosis due to ureteropelvic junction stenosis to determine adequate management plan. Forty infants (47 renal units) were selected for the study during the period from January 1995 to July 1997 in the Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center. They were diagnosed prenatally or early postnatally (<3 months of age) on the basis of renal ultrasonography and techotium-99m-mercap- toacetyltriglycerine (MAG3) scan. The antero-poste- rior pelvic diameter (APPD) was measured from serial renal ultrasonography and relative renal function and clearance half time (T1/2) were calculated from serial MAG3 scan. Those who had accompanying other urogenital anomalies or vesicoureteral reflux were excluded in this study. Follow-up tests (ultrasonography and MAG3 scan) and surgical corrections, if necessary, were performed according to the predetermined algorithrn. The male to female ratio was 3: 1. Hydronephrosis was involved the left side in 24 renal units, the right side in 9 renal units, and the bilateral sides in 14 renal units. All the hydronephrotic renal units were divided into 2 groups; Group A (19 renal units) those had taken surgical correction, and group B (28 renal units) those revealed spontaneous improvement without surgical correction. The mean follow-up duration was 7.2+/-6.3 months in group A and 14.1+/-12.6 months in group B. The mean APPD in the first postnatal renal ultrasonography was 19.4+6.8 mm in group A and 10.0+/-3.0mm in group B and this was statistically significant (P<0.01). The rela- tive renal function of group A in the first MAG3 scan was under 35% in 7 renal units and over 35M in 12 renal units. In group B, the relative renal function was over 35% in the all 28 renal units. Tl/2 in the first MAG3 scan was longer than 20 minutes in the all 19 renal units in group A. In group B, Tl/2 was shorter than 10 minutes in 15 renal units, between 10 minutes and 20 minutes in 6 renal units, and longer than 20 rninutes in 7 renal units. The mean APPD of the 7 renal units in group B of which Tl/2 was longer than 20 minutes was 12.62.6mm and that of group A was 19.4+/-6.8mrn and this was statistically significant (P<0.01). In conclusion, the renal ultrasonography and MAG3 scan can be used effectively to determine the degree of the stenosis of the ureteropelvic junction in hydronephosis during infancy. When the babies are diagnosed with hydronephrosis due to ureteropelvic junction stenosis in the early infantile period, serial renal ultrasonography and MAG3 scan play an important role in the decision of the management.
Chungcheongnam-do ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis* ; Infant ; Male ; Pediatrics ; Ultrasonography* ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux

PURPOSE: This study was a descriptive research to assess the level of and the relationship of related factors in the performance of end-of-life care by intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. METHODS: Participants were 238 ICU nurses from university and general hospitals. Data were collected, using structured questionnaires, and collected data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 22.0. RESULTS: There were significantly positive effects between performance of end-of-life care and end-of-life care attitudes. Performance end-of-life care was negatively associated with end-of-life care stress and obstacles. Factors that significantly influenced ICU nurses' performance of end-of-life were end-of-life care stress, medical team in obstacles related to end-of-life care, and end-of-life care attitudes, which explained about 53% of the variance in the performance of end-of-life care. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that hospital organizations should carry out stress management and counseling programs in order to lower ICU nurses' end-of-life care stress, and to enhance end-of-life care attitudes. In addition, concern needs to be given to the medical team which was one of the obstacles to end-of-life care. It is also necessary to decrease the heavy workload and increase the communication with medical workers.
Counseling ; Hospitals, General ; Intensive Care Units ; Terminal Care

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine factors related to attitudes to menstruation in elementary school girls according to menarche experience. METHODS: Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from 208 girls in 5th or 6th grade (90 who were menarche and 118 who were not). The study was a cross-sectional study. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 18.0 program for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. RESULTS: There were significant differences in body image, menstrual knowledge and attitude between the two groups of students. Results from the multiple regression analysis revealed difference in related factors and in the magnitude of the relationship evaluated by standardized beta coefficients. Significant factors, listed by the magnitude of beta coefficients, among students in menarche were positive affect of menarche, self-oriented perfectionism-critical, negative affect of menarche. Significant factors among non-menarche students were menstrual knowledge and self-oriented perfectionism-critical. CONCLUSION: There are differences between menarche and non-menarche girls in attitude to menstruation and related factors. Based on the results of the present study, systemic health education according to differences between the two groups should be developed to foster positive attitudes to menstruation.
Body Image ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Health Education ; Humans ; Menarche ; Menstruation ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the sexual maturation, parenting attitude, maturity fear and emotional and behavioral problems of girls in elementary school, and to examine the relation between these variables and factors that influence emotional and behavioral problems. METHODS: Participants were 128 second, third and fourth year students from 3 elementary schools. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 21.0. RESULTS: Emotional and behavioral problems were related to eating rate, eating breakfast, frequency of late-night snacks and main communicator on pubertal development. Emotional and behavioral problems showed a positive correlation with maturity fear and father's parenting attitude (strictness) and a negative correlation with parenting attitude and father's parenting attitude (intimacy). Maturity fear, father's parenting attitude, eating breakfast, and main communicator on pubertal development had significant influence on emotional and behavioral problems of girls in elementary school. CONCLUSION: Findings show that for effective management of emotional and behavioral problems in elementary school girls, programs including coping with maturity fear, supportive parenting of father, diet education, and functional communication with mother on pubertal development should be developed.
Breakfast ; Diet ; Eating ; Education ; Fathers ; Female* ; Humans ; Mothers ; Parenting* ; Parents* ; Problem Behavior* ; Sexual Maturation* ; Snacks

PURPOSE: This descriptive correlational study was designed to examine the relationship of perfectionism to anger thought and problem behaviors. In addition, the mediating effect of anger thought in relation to perfectionism and problem behaviors was investigated. METHODS: Data were collected from 807 students in a girls' high school, and descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and hierachical multiple regression were used with SPSS/PC 18.0 program to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were significant differences in anger thought (primary and secondary anger-thought) and problem behaviors between the upper 25% and lower 25% group for perfectionism. Primary and secondary anger-thought had a significant mediating effect in relation to perfectionism and problem behaviors. CONCLUSION: For effective management and prevention of adolescent women's problem behaviors, programs including perfectionism and anger thought should be developed. Further research is necessary in order to draw a consensus on cognitive factors as mediators between the related factors of problem behaviors.
Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior ; Anger* ; Consensus ; Female ; Humans ; Negotiating