There is no doubt that dopamine plays a critical role in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, there appeared some limitations in explaining the complex phenomena of schizophrenia. Recent research data suggest that dysfunction in serotonergic system may be involved Before the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia became established, the interest in serotonin(5-ydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) as an etiological substrate of this illness occurred. Recently the importance and extent of 5-HT's involvement in the pathophysiology and mechanism of action of antipsychotic drug is actively investigated. In recent years, therapeutic success of clozapine and risperidones has increased attention on the interaction between the 5-HT and dopamine systems in schizophrenia. This led to the serotonin-dopamine for antipsychotic. The authors review the evidence for the role of 5-HT in schizophrenia and serotonin-dopamine interaction.
Clozapine ; Dopamine ; Schizophrenia* ; Serotonin*

No abstract available.
Hand ; Hyperplasia

Aplasia cutis congenita is a rare disorder characterized by localized or generalized absence of skin at birth. Group 4 in Friden's classification, which is associated with embryologic malformations including myelomeningocele, encephalomeningocele, omphalocele, gastroschisis. The authors have experienced a case of aplasia cutis congenita of right frontal scalp associated with bony defect, forming encephalocele in a newborn. We reported this case with brief review of literatures.
Classification ; Ectodermal Dysplasia* ; Encephalocele ; Gastroschisis ; Hernia, Umbilical ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Meningomyelocele ; Parturition ; Scalp ; Skin

BACKGROUND: HLA-B5102 is a newly approved antigen at the meeting of the WHO Nomenclature Committee held after the Eleventh International Histocompatibility Workshop. It had been called B5l.35 because it was defined by both B5l and B35 antisera. HLA-B5102 antigen cannot be accurately determined by current commercial HLA typing trays. This study was carried out to assess the frequency of HLA-B5102 antigen in Koreans and serological reaction patterns of HLA-B5102 on commercial HLA trays. METHODS: We performed HLA-A, B, C serological typing for 2,000 Koreans registered for KMDP (Korean Marrow Donor Program) donors using the Terasaki Oriental Tray (One Lambda, USA). Selected samples (17/2000) which showed atypical B5 reaction patterns were tested against Japan Central Block HLA Workshop tray to detect the presence of HLA-B5102. RESULTS: HLA-B5102 showed a phenotype (antigen) frequency of 0.45% (9/2000) and an allele frequency of 0.23%. Two locus HLA haplotype and linkage analysis showed that HLA-B5102 was in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-A3l (p<0.01). The serological patterns of HLA-B5102 on Terasaki Oriental Tray were 1) Lot 14, 15 : B5(+), 2) Lot 15 B : B5(+), B35+53(+), and 3) Lot 16 : B5(+), B5l(+), B35+53(+), and therefore could be identified as HLA-B5, B5l, B52, B35 or B53. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of HLA-B5102 in the Korean population (antigen frequency 0.45%, allele frequency 0.23%) is similar to that of Japanese. The presence of HLA-B5102 can be suspected when atypical BS reaction patterns are encountered in commercial HLA typing trays, and B5 or BSI had better been assigned to these cases when additional confirmatory typing is not available.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bone Marrow ; Education ; Gene Frequency ; Haplotypes ; Histocompatibility ; Histocompatibility Testing ; HLA-A Antigens ; Humans ; Immune Sera ; Japan ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Phenotype ; Tissue Donors

BACKGROUND: HLA-B5102 is a newly approved antigen at the meeting of the WHO Nomenclature Committee held after the Eleventh International Histocompatibility Workshop. It had been called B5l.35 because it was defined by both B5l and B35 antisera. HLA-B5102 antigen cannot be accurately determined by current commercial HLA typing trays. This study was carried out to assess the frequency of HLA-B5102 antigen in Koreans and serological reaction patterns of HLA-B5102 on commercial HLA trays. METHODS: We performed HLA-A, B, C serological typing for 2,000 Koreans registered for KMDP (Korean Marrow Donor Program) donors using the Terasaki Oriental Tray (One Lambda, USA). Selected samples (17/2000) which showed atypical B5 reaction patterns were tested against Japan Central Block HLA Workshop tray to detect the presence of HLA-B5102. RESULTS: HLA-B5102 showed a phenotype (antigen) frequency of 0.45% (9/2000) and an allele frequency of 0.23%. Two locus HLA haplotype and linkage analysis showed that HLA-B5102 was in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-A3l (p<0.01). The serological patterns of HLA-B5102 on Terasaki Oriental Tray were 1) Lot 14, 15 : B5(+), 2) Lot 15 B : B5(+), B35+53(+), and 3) Lot 16 : B5(+), B5l(+), B35+53(+), and therefore could be identified as HLA-B5, B5l, B52, B35 or B53. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of HLA-B5102 in the Korean population (antigen frequency 0.45%, allele frequency 0.23%) is similar to that of Japanese. The presence of HLA-B5102 can be suspected when atypical BS reaction patterns are encountered in commercial HLA typing trays, and B5 or BSI had better been assigned to these cases when additional confirmatory typing is not available.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bone Marrow ; Education ; Gene Frequency ; Haplotypes ; Histocompatibility ; Histocompatibility Testing ; HLA-A Antigens ; Humans ; Immune Sera ; Japan ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Phenotype ; Tissue Donors

Dried specimens of the genus Inocybe collected from mountain areas throughout the Korean country from 1982 to 1998 and preserved in NIAST were investigated. Out of them, Inocybe hystrix were confirmed as an unrecorded species in Korea. In 1991 Lee et al., previously recorded Inocybe kasukayamensis only with its scientific name and korean common name. In this study we report it with full descriptions of morphological characteristics and diagnosis of micro-structures of this species.
Diagnosis ; Korea* ; Porcupines

Cyclosporine is one of the main therapeutic agents for psoriasis. It is known that psoriasis relapses 2∼3 months after discontinuation of cyclosporine, and exacerbation due to abrupt discontinuation of cyclosporine is uncommon. We report a case of psoriasis that was aggravated by cyclosporine cessation for guselkumab treatment, but improved with continuous administration of guselkumab. A 55-year-old man with a history of psoriasis presented with erythematous scaly plaques on the whole body. He had been treated with cyclosporine for 18 months and had received a subcutaneous injection of guselkumab 1 month previously. Two weeks after the first injection, the patient experienced exacerbation of the lesions. Considering the aggravation caused by abrupt discontinuation of cyclosporine, guselkumab administration was continued. The aggravated psoriatic lesions improved after additional guselkumab injections. At 16 weeks, the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score was 0, which remained constant thereafter.

PURPOSE: To analyze the reasons for glaucoma evaluation and distribution of new patients visiting the glaucoma department. METHODS: In a retrospective study, 330 new patients underwent ocular examination using Goldmann applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, optic disc analysis, optical coherence tomography, and Humphrey perimeter under suspicion of glaucoma for the first time in the Glaucoma Department from January 2013 to December 2013. We analyzed the reasons and their diagnostic outcomes. RESULTS: The reasons for glaucoma evaluation were health screening (103 patients, 32.49%), other symptoms (102 patients, 31.55%), known glaucoma (56 patients, 17.67%), pre-refractive surgery evaluation (31 patients, 9.78%), family history (19 patients, 5.99%), and high myopia (6 patients, 1.89%). The diagnostic outcomes were as follows: glaucoma (139 patients, 43.85%), glaucoma suspect (60 patients, 18.93%), ocular hypertension (9 patients, 2.84%), neither glaucoma nor ocular hypertension (79 patients, 24.92%), normal (30 patients, 9.46%). The percentages of confirmed glaucoma according to the reasons for glaucoma evaluation were as follows: health screening, 26.21%; other symptoms, 40.20%; known glaucoma, 85.71%; pre-refractive surgery evaluation, 58.06%; family history, 15.79% and high myopia, 33.33%. CONCLUSIONS: The reasons for glaucoma evaluation were diverse. Glaucoma was confirmed in 43.85% of the patients and the predicted value of positive test for glaucoma including glaucoma suspect and ocular hypertension was 65.62%.
Glaucoma* ; Gonioscopy ; Humans ; Manometry ; Mass Screening ; Myopia ; Ocular Hypertension ; Outpatients* ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence

PURPOSE: To evaluate morphologic characteristics of the microcalcifications on mammography that were confirmed pathologically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty five cases of microcalcifications on mammography (fifteen cases of benign lesion, thirty cases of maiignancy) were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The number of microcalcifications within 1 cm2 were more than 5 in 22 cases (73%) of 30 malignancy and less than 5 in 11 cases (73%) of 15 benignity. The heterogeneity of microcalcifications were seen in 26 cases of malignancy (87%) and the homogeneity of microcaicifications were 11 cases of benignity (73%). The morphologic characteristics of the microcalcifications were linear-V shape in 9 cases (30%), punctate shape in 8 cases (27%), fine stippled shape in 7 cases (23%), and round dot shape in 6 cases (20%) of malignancy and, round dot shape in 11 cases (73%), punctate shape in 2 cases (13%), and linear-V shape in 2 cases (13%) of benignity. CONCLUSION: Numerous irregular microcalcifications that are heterogenous in size and morphology were strong indicators of malignancy.
Mammography ; Population Characteristics ; Retrospective Studies