We report a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland with a coexisting occult sclerosing papillary carcinoma. This rare case, in that the two types of carcinoma are completely separated and not intermixed together, is different from the previously reported mixed follicular and parafollicular cell carcinomas of the thyroid gland, so-called "differentiated thyroid carcinoma, intermediate type". The two separate tumors of the present case are undoubtedly of coincidental double primaries, and it can be a assumed that at least some of the mixed follicular and parafollicular cell carcinomas are results of collision of carcinomas derived from two embryogenetically different cell types.

BACKGROUND: The College of Medicine at Korea University has lunched the new curriculum which incorporated optional elective courses in 2000. Optional elective course is consisted of 10 subjects. 8 subjects are conducted in classroom lectures and 2 of them are active experiences in research or community service. The purpose of this study is to identify the level of achievement of its own educational goals and objectives. Also, we tried to explore the possibilities of improving this course for the maximum educational effectiveness.. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We conducted a survey and the subjects of this study were second, and third year medical students who finished this course. RESULTS: 84.8% of respondents were aware of the goals of the course. 91.1% of them agreed this course is needed to enhance the effectiveness in undergraduate medical education. Most students agreed the course provide an opportunity to broaden their perspectives of field of medicine(81.4% of respondents). Also, this course provided good informations for students' future career choice(78.6% of respondents). However, students wanted to have more in-depth learning experience. INTERPRETATION: The implementation of the optional elective course at the Korea University, Medical College was successful. Despite of its initial success, the course has to be revised to allow students to get more in - depth study according their own interests.
Curriculum ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education, Medical, Undergraduate ; Humans ; Korea ; Learning ; Lectures ; Lunch ; Social Welfare ; Students, Medical

No abstract available.
Gastroschisis*

No abstract available.
Gastroschisis* ; Hernia, Umbilical*

Repeat cesarean section is one of the leading causes to make increasing a rate of cesarean section. Trial of labor TOL after cesarean section is attempt to reduce the rate of repeat cesarean section. Trial of labor has been well established as a safe alternative in carefully selected women with transverse scars in the lower uterine segment. This study was based on 104 cases of delivery with prior cesarean birth at the Chonbuk National University Hospital from January, 1991 to June, 1997. The results were as follows: 1) Among 1400 cases with previous cesarean delivery, trial of labor was done in 104 cases (7.4%). Among 104 cases, vaginal birth was successfully completed in 96 cases (92.3%). 2) Among 28 cases with PGE2, vaginal tablet, vaginal delivery was done in 23 cases (82.1%). 3) Among 22 cases with more than 4 of Bishop score, vaginal delivery was done in 21 cases (95.5%), and among 6 cases with less than 3 of Bishop score, vaginal delivery was done only 2 cases (33.3%). 4) There was no matemal death or uterine rupture in the cases of trial of labor, But in 2 cases, uterine dehiscence was observed in 4 cases and postpartal bleeding (more than 400ml) was developed. 5) In the cases of cesarean section, mean of hospital day was 7 days and medical fee was about 400,000 won. In the cases of vaginal birth after cesarean section, mean of hospital day was 2.6 days and medical fee was about 100,000 won. In condusion, vaginal birth after cesarean section is safe and effective alternative to elective repeat cesarean section and also the use of PGE, vaginal tablet is so effective to increase success rate of vaginal delivery. After all, positive these trials might decrease cesarean rate and increase maternal health and quality of medical care.
Cesarean Section ; Cesarean Section, Repeat ; Cicatrix ; Dinoprostone ; Fees, Medical ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Jeollabuk-do ; Maternal Health ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Prostaglandins E ; Trial of Labor ; Uterine Rupture ; Vaginal Birth after Cesarean* ; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies

PURPOSE: To evaluate morphologic characteristics of the microcalcifications on mammography that were confirmed pathologically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty five cases of microcalcifications on mammography (fifteen cases of benign lesion, thirty cases of maiignancy) were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The number of microcalcifications within 1 cm2 were more than 5 in 22 cases (73%) of 30 malignancy and less than 5 in 11 cases (73%) of 15 benignity. The heterogeneity of microcalcifications were seen in 26 cases of malignancy (87%) and the homogeneity of microcaicifications were 11 cases of benignity (73%). The morphologic characteristics of the microcalcifications were linear-V shape in 9 cases (30%), punctate shape in 8 cases (27%), fine stippled shape in 7 cases (23%), and round dot shape in 6 cases (20%) of malignancy and, round dot shape in 11 cases (73%), punctate shape in 2 cases (13%), and linear-V shape in 2 cases (13%) of benignity. CONCLUSION: Numerous irregular microcalcifications that are heterogenous in size and morphology were strong indicators of malignancy.
Mammography ; Population Characteristics ; Retrospective Studies

Dermatomyositis(DM) is the classic example of an inflammatory disease that has both cutaneous and systemic manifestations. An association with pregnancy is very uncommon. Glickman described the first case of DM associated with pregnancy in 1958. Since then a few reports of DM cases associated with pregnancy were published. This is the report of a female patient who had a previously established diagnosis of DM, and then became pregnant during the remission stage of DM. The DM recurred in 33 week of gestation. Because a Pregnancy it involves alterations in the immune responses of the patients, it may lead to a recrudescence or aggrevation of DM. The pregnancy should be considered a high risk for a recrudescence and aggrevation of DM. Careful monitoring of DM patients and with pregnancy should be warranted.
Dermatomyositis* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy* ; Recurrence

The purpose of this study is to measure the skin epidural distance(SED) of L3-4 interspace and to correlate SED with the individual constitutional data of patients such as body-weight, height, abdominal circumference and body mass index(BMI; kg/m2). In this study we examined 120 patients (45 men and 75 women) who had no pathological abnormality in L3-4 interspace such as herniated disc, spondylolisthesis and spinal stenosis in MRI study, although majority of patients had pathology below this level. The SED was measured under fluoroscopic guide with loss of resistance technique, and we also measured individual constitutional data of patients. Pearson's correlation analysis of the data showed that there were no correlations of statistical significance between SED and the height, abdominal circumference of the patient (p>0.01). But there were statistically significant correlations between SED and body-weight as well as BMI (p<0.0001). Linear regression analysis of these data showed significant correlations between SED and body weight(male r(2)=0.49, p<0.0001, y=0.37x18.1; female r(2)=0.31, p<0.0001, y=0.18x30.8), BMI(male r(2)=0.52, p<0.0001, y=0.89x23.1; female r(2)=0.35, p<0.0001, y=0.41x31.6).
Epidural Space* ; Female ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; Linear Models ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Pathology ; Sagittal Abdominal Diameter ; Skin* ; Spinal Stenosis ; Spondylolisthesis

PURPOSE: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common adult primary intracranial tumor. The remarkable features of GBM include central necrosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been considered as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for many cancers, including glioblastoma. However, the effect of necrosis on the miRNA expression profile and predicted miRNA-mRNA regulatory information remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of necrotic cells on the modulation of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles and miRNA-mRNA network in CRT-MG cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used human astroglioma cells, CRT-MG, treated with necrotic CRT-MG cells to examine the effect of necrosis on the modulation of miRNA and mRNA by next-generation sequencing. For preparation of necrotic cells, CRT-MG cells were frozen and thawed through cycle of liquid nitrogen–water bath. The putative miRNA-mRNA regulatory relationship was inferred through target information, using miRDB. RESULTS: The necrotic cells induced dysregulation of 106 miRNAs and 887 mRNAs. Among them, 11 miRNAs that had a negative correlation value of p < 0.05 by the hypergeometric test were screened, and their target mRNAs were analyzed by Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. Using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, we also found several necrotic cell treatment-activated pathways that were modulated by relevant gene targets of differentially expressed miRNAs. CONCLUSION: Our result demonstrated that dysregulation of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles occurs when GBM cells are exposed to necrotic cells, suggesting that several miRNAs may have the potential to be used as biomarkers for predicting GBM progression and pathogenesis.
Adult ; Astrocytoma* ; Baths ; Biomarkers ; Gene Ontology ; Genome ; Glioblastoma ; Humans* ; MicroRNAs ; Necrosis* ; RNA, Messenger

Background: Recent studies have shown that oral administration of probiotics may improve the immune imbalance caused by dysbiosis of the gut microbiome in atopic dermatitis (AD). This study aimed to investigate the clinical and immunological effects of Lactobacillus pentosus in children with mild to moderate AD. Methods: Children aged 2–13 years with AD were randomized to receive either 1.0 × 1010 colony-forming units of L. pentosus or placebo, daily, for 12 weeks. The clinical severity of AD and transepidermal water loss were evaluated. Blood eosinophil counts, serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE), and cytokine levels were measured. The diversity and composition of the gut microbiota were also analyzed. Results: Eighty-two children were recruited, and 41 were assigned to the probiotics intervention group. The mean scoring of atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) indices at baseline were 30.4 and 34.3 for the probiotics and placebo groups, respectively. At week 12, the mean indices were 23.6 and 23.1 for the probiotics and placebo groups, respectively. Clinical severity decreased significantly over time in both groups, with no significant difference between the two groups. In both groups, there were no significant differences in cytokine levels, microbial diversity, or the relative abundance of the gut microbiota at week 12 compared with the corresponding baseline values. The mean subjective scores of SCORAD indices after intervention for the probiotics group were significantly lower than those for the placebo group in IgE sensitized AD (P = 0.019). Conclusion Our results show improved symptoms in the probiotics and placebo groups, and we could not find additional effects of L. pentosus in AD. However, the mean subjective scores of SCORAD indices for the probiotics group are significantly improved compared with those for the placebo group in allergen-sensitized AD.