BACKGROUND: Although studies on dental fear in relation to sex and age have been conducted, there have been few nationwide studies particularly on the youth sector. In addition, no validity and reliability verifications have been implemented for new research groups on the Korean version of the Dental Fear Survey (K-DFS). Therefore, this study aimed to apply the K-DFS developed in a previous study on Korean youth to draw conclusions on dental fear among the youth.METHODS: This study used the K-DFS, a Korean translation of Kleinknecht's Dental Fear Survey for elementary school, middle school, and high school students. This study selected 2,161 young people of various ages as participants and increased the validity of the research results by expanding nationwide the scope of the study area.RESULTS: Differences in fear levels according to sex were higher in boys fear behavior scores than in girls' regarding dental treatment (P < 0.05). Students with dental fear had higher scores on items associated with dental treatment and fear of dental stimuli compared with students without dental fear (P < 0.05). Differences were observed among the three groups (P < 0.05). However, the results of logistic regression analysis showed no statistically significant differences for dental visits based on sex, grade, and other subcomponents (P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: By verifying the validity of the newly developed K-DFS, this research confirmed its utility as a dental fear questionnaire. Therefore, there can be no objection that the grounds for criticism have been established according to conventional wisdom. In the future, however, developing and studying the limits of K-DFS that overcome the factors of dental fear, especially pain, will help reduce dental fear in adolescents.
Adolescent ; Dental Anxiety ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Reproducibility of Results ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study was understand in order to examine the effect of hardness on stress-causing factors, defined in this study as burnout in nursing. The subjects were 248 nurses working in three general hospitals in Taejon. The instruments used for this study were a survey of general characteristics, modified Health-Related Hardiness Scale(HRHS) (25 items), job stress scale (63 items), and burnout scale(20 items). Analysis of data was done through the mean, percentage, Person correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression done with a SAS program. The results of this study are as follows. 1) The average item score for the job stress was high at 4.44. In the subcategories, the highest degree of stress was night duty(5.11), and work overload(4.70), responsibility for extra affairs(4.70), conflict in nurse-doctor relationships(4.69), and low reward (4.63) in that order. 2) In the stepwise multiple regression analysis, hardiness(11.55%) was a significant determinant of burnout along with job stress(17.24%) and job duration(12.94%). The results of this study show that hardiness has an effect on psychological distress caused by stress.
Daejeon ; Hardness ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Nursing ; Reward

We present a rare case of abdominal compartment syndrome due to a bulimic attack in a 19-year-old female patient with bulimia nervosa. She was admitted to our emergency room with complaints of progressive abdominal pain following bulimia. Computed tomography showed dilated stomach with food and air pressed other visceral organs and major abdominal vessels. Decompression using nasogastric tube or gastric lavage tube failed. At laparotomy, we performed gastrotomy and decompression was performed. After decompression, she fell into hypovolemic shock due to bleeding in the intra-gastric and peritoneal cavity. Twelve hours after the operation, the patient died due to refractory hypovolemic shock from uncontrolled bleeding following decompression of abdominal compartment. It should keep in mind that binge-eating habits in patients with bulimic nervosa could cause abdominal compartment syndrome due to gastric distension and this may be a potentially fatal condition.
Abdominal Pain ; Bulimia ; Bulimia Nervosa ; Compartment Syndromes ; Decompression ; Emergencies ; Female ; Gastric Lavage ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Intra-Abdominal Hypertension ; Laparotomy ; Peritoneal Cavity ; Reperfusion Injury ; Shock ; Stomach ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of intra-articular injection of shoulder and subscapularis motor point block on painful hemiplegic shoulder. METHOD: Thirty painful hemiplegic shoulder of recent onset stroke were divided randomly into three groups, i.e. group I: range of motion (ROM) exercise only, group II: intra-articular injection with ROM exercise, group III: subscapularis motor point block with ROM exercise. The intra-articular injection of shoulder was done with 20 ml of normal saline, 5 ml of 1% lidocaine, and 40 mg of triamcinolone. The subscapularis motor point block was done with 5 ml of 5% phenol under electromyographic guide. The ROM in external rotation and simple X-ray of shoulder in full abduction were checked in three groups at pre-treatment and post-treatment 3 week, and the glenohumeral abduction and scapulohumeral rhythm were obtained from the shoulder X-ray. RESULTS: There were significant (p<0.05) improvements of glenohumeral abduction, external rotation, and scapulohumeral rhythm of shoulder in group II and III, but improvement of only glenohumeral abduction was significant in group I. Angular increment of glenohumeral abduction and external rotation was most significant in group III compared with other two groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the intra-articular injection of shoulder and subscapularis motor point block are potentially useful techniques in the prevention and management of the painful hemiplegic shoulder.
Injections, Intra-Articular* ; Lidocaine ; Phenol ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Shoulder* ; Stroke ; Triamcinolone

The osteopoikilosis is commonly known as harmatoma in which metaphyseal and epiphyseal area of long bones and the bone of pelvis, hands, feet and et al, contain islands of dense cortical bone with normal Harversian system without any symptoms. The radiologic findings of the osteopoikilosis is multitude of oval or well-circumscribed areas of increased density, 2 to 10 mm in size, in symmetrical distribution and normal uptake in bone scan. Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome, which is transmitted by autosomal dominant, is characterized by the association of osteopoikilosis and connective tissue nevi which are popular and symmetrically distributed lesions on chest, back, buttock, thigh or arm. Authors report three Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome, studied by CT scan, MRI, bone scan and bone and skin biopsy, among five patients associated with osteopoikilosis found by simple radiologic study from ten members in one family with their pedigree.
Arm ; Biopsy ; Buttocks ; Connective Tissue ; Foot ; Hand ; Humans ; Islands ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Nevus ; Osteopoikilosis ; Pedigree ; Pelvis ; Skin ; Thigh ; Thorax ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Prurigo nodularis (PN) is a disease characterized by chronic itch and presence of firm nodules or papules on the skin. The underlying pathophysiology of PN is still under debate, but it has been reported to be due to synergistic neural- and immune-mediated mechanisms. In this review, the authors summarize the etiology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and diagnosis of PN and suggest management protocols for patients with PN despite the absence of local guidelines for PN in Korea. The prevalence of PN in Korea was reported as 0.036%, similar to that in other countries. The various etiologies of PN are known to be associated with neural sensitization and inflammation, and the related treatment targets being studied for PN include interleukin-4, 13, 31, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). Understanding of predisposing factors or concomitant diseases is beneficial towards targeted management of patients with PN. In addition, it has been reported that PN is more frequently accompanied by metabolic diseases, or renal disorders compared to other inflammatory skin diseases characterized by itchiness such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. The clinical diagnosis of PN is generally based on three core symptoms; chronic pruritus over six weeks, firm lesions, and repeated scratching. To evaluate the severity of PN, the following objective and subjective assessments can be used: Investigator’s Global Assessment for PN or Peak Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale. We propose a localized work-up algorithm for PN. It is expected that the increased awareness of PN can facilitate its diagnosis, thereby reducing the disease burden of patients with PN.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate sympathetic vasomotor response of the hands to cold and warm stress on the foot with Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging (DITI) in normal healthy subjects. METHOD: Fifteen healthy subjects were participated in this study. The DITI was taken during immersing right foot in cold and warm water bath. The thermal images of the dorsal hands were captured at the starting point and then every 5-minute up to 30 minutes. The ratio of temperature between the ending point (30T) and the starting point (0T) was calculated. RESULTS: In cold stress test, the mean 30T/0T ratio were 92.8+/-2.4% and 92.2+/-2.7% in the right and left hands, respectively. There were no statistically significant side to side differences. The temperature of the each hand was significantly lowered at every 5 minutes interval (p<0.05). In warm stress test, the mean 30T/0T ratio were 104.5+/-1.8% and 104.4+/-2.0% in the right and left hands, respectively. The temperature of each hand was significantly increased at the first 5 minutes (p<0.05), and tended to increase until 10 minutes. After then, the temperature was not significantly changed until 30 miniutes. CONCLUSION: We could identify the normal sympathetic vasomotor response to the cold and warm stress with DITI. It might be served as an useful baseline data for the identification of sympathetic dysfunction.
Baths ; Exercise Test ; Foot ; Hand ; Water

OBJECTIVE: This study was to investigate the generation of the functional neuron derived from human embryonic stem(hES,MB03) cells on in vitro neural cell differentiation system. METHODS: For neural progenitor cell formation derived from hES cells, we produced embryoid bodies (EB: for 5 days, without mitogen) from hES cells and then neurospheres (for 7~10 days, 20 ng/ml of bFGF added N2 medium) from EB. And then finally for the differentiation into mature neuron, neural progenitor cells were cultured in i) N2 medium only (without bFGF),ii) N2 supplemented with 20 ng/ml platelet derived growth factor-bb (PDGF-bb) or iii) N2 supplemented with 5 ng/ml brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for 2 weeks. Identification of neural cell differentiation was carried out by immunocytochemistry using betaIII-tubulin (1:100) and GFAP (1:500). Also, generation of functional neuron was identified using anti-glutamate (Sigma, 1:1000), anti-GABA (Sigma, 1:1000), anti-serotonin (Sigma, 1:1000) and anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (Sigma, 1:1000). RESULTS: In vitro neural cell differentiation, neurotrophic factors (PDGF and BDNF) treated cell groups were high expressed MAP-2 and GFAP than non-treated cell group. The highest expression pattern of MAP-2 and betaIII-tubulin was indicated in BDNF treated group. Also, in the presence of PDGF-bb or BDNF, mostof the neural cells derived from hES cells were differentiated into gultamate and GABA neuron in vitro. Furthermore, we confirmed that there were a few serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase positive neuron in the same culture environment. CONCLUSION: This results suggested that the generation of functional neuron derived from hES cells was increased by addition of neurotrophic factors such as PDGF-bb or BDNF in b-FGF induced neural cell differentiation system and especially gultamate and GABA neurons were mainly produced in the system.
Blood Platelets ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor* ; Cell Differentiation* ; Embryoid Bodies ; Embryonic Stem Cells* ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; Humans* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nerve Growth Factors ; Neurons* ; Serotonin ; Stem Cells ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

This study was performed to evaluate the differences in blood pressure, sodium intake and dietary behavior changes according to the extent of session attendance on sodium reduction education program for pre-hypertensive adults in a public health center. Sodium reduction education program consisted of 8 sessions for 8 weeks. Fifty three patients who completed the pre and post nutritional assessments were classified into 2 groups according to the session attendance rate. Nineteen participants who attended the education program 3 times or less (< or = 3) were categorized into the less attendance (LA) group and 34 participants attended 4 times or more (> or = 4) into the more attendance (MA) group. Blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, serum lipid profile, nutrient intakes including sodium, nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior score were assessed before and after the nutrition education program. Mean sodium intakes (p < 0.001), systolic/diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), and weight (p < 0.001) were significantly decreased in the MA group after sodium reduction education program. Compared to the MA group, mean sodium intakes, systolic/diastolic blood pressure were not significantly changed after the education program even with significantly increased nutrition knowledge (p < 0.05) and dietary behavior score (p < 0.01) in the LA group. It appears that pre-hypertensive adults need to attend the sodium reduction education program for at least 4 times or more to gain beneficial effects from the intervention. Positive feedback of healthcare team or offering more cooking classes may be needed to raise the attendance rate in the sodium reduction education program.
Adult* ; Blood Pressure* ; Cooking ; Education* ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Nutrition Assessment ; Patient Care Team ; Public Health* ; Sodium*

Characteristics and immuno-modulatory effects of Enterococcus (E.) faecium JS1-8 isolated from Kimchi were investigated for potential probiotic use. We measured their acid, bile, and heat tolerances, adhesion properties in Caco-2 cells, antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, and bacteriocin-like substance-producing activity. Immuno-modulatory effects of E. faecium JS1-8 were measured by determination of nitric oxide (NO), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production in RAW 264.7 cells or RAW BLUE cells. JS1-8 survived at pH 2.0 for 2 hr and showed tolerance to 0.3% oxgall bile salt, and it survived after exposure for 5 min at 80degreesC. JS1-8 showed high antimicrobial inhibition zones to Staphylococcus aureus (460 mm), Listeria monocytogenes (310 mm), Salmonella enteritidis (280 mm), and E. coli (150 mm). Bacteriocin-like substance produced by JS1-8 showed a broad spectrum of activity against Listeria monocytogenes KCCM 40307 and Lactobacillus sake KCCM 40264. Low concentration (1 x 107 CFU/mL) of heat-killed E. faecium JS1-8 induced statistically higher production of NO than Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), which is a well-known immuno-modulatory lactic acid bacteria. Low and high (5 x 107 CFU/mL) concentrations of JS1-8 induced statistically higher production of NF-kappaB than that produced by LGG. We also found that JS1-8 increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in a concentration-dependent manner. As a result, E. faecium JSI-8 could be used as a useful probiotic for controlling pathogens and enhancing host immune responses.
Bacteria ; Bile ; Caco-2 Cells ; Cytokines ; Enterococcus ; Enterococcus faecium* ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Interleukin-1beta ; Lactic Acid ; Lactobacillus ; Lactobacillus rhamnosus ; Listeria monocytogenes ; NF-kappa B ; Nitric Oxide ; Probiotics ; Salmonella enteritidis ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha