Introduction: Smoking is prevalent among Filipinos, but little is known about whether this is associated with the rapid decline of the renal function among patients with existing chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether or not there is a direct relationship of smoking to the progression of CKD requiring patient to be on dialysis/renal replacement therapy.

Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective study design was used. All CKD 5D patients of the Amang Rodriguez Memorial Medical Center (ARMMC) Hemodialysis (HD) Unit in the month of July to August, 2019 were included, if they are > 18yo, regardless of their co-morbidities. Excluded are those with acute kidney injury (AKI), and iatrogenic, surgical or trauma complications that cause renal dysfunction. Charts were reviewed and 55 patients qualified. Smoking status were grouped according to the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) smoking definitions, either never, former and current smoker. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) Creatinine were computed using the CKD-Epi formula 3-yr, 2-yr, 1-yr and 0-yr prior to HD. The main outcome measure was whether and what among the smoking status hastens the progression of CKD. Descriptive statistical analyses were done along with one-way variance, two-way variance, and chi-square.

Results: Most of the smokers were males (p < 0.001). Most of the participants had diabetes as the primary illness. All of the participants had same endpoint of having eGFR < 15 at the time of dialysis initiation. There was a significant progressive decrease from eGFR3 to eGFR0 in all smoking status. Current smokers have the highest significant reduction in eGFR (p <0.001).

Conclusion: Smoking hastens the progression of CKD among Filipinos. With that, we support the smoking cessation campaign of the ARMMC and the DOH. In addition, further work up is suggested to determine the primary mechanistic pathway of smoking that affects the renal cells.

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to understand farmers' health status by general characteristic, and to find out the related factors. METHODS: All the 984 subjects were interviewed by means of a structured questionnaire and SF-12. Among them, only 812 were eligible for analysis. Statistical methods used included frequency, t-test, ANOVA, binary logistic regression with SPSS 19.0. RESULTS: In binary logistic regression, marital status, smoking, regular exercise and monthly day off were associated with physical component score. Marital status, smoking and score of pesticide protective device wearing were associated with mental component score. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that effort to develop health promotion programs for workers of agricultural industry considering these results can improve their perceived health status.
Health Promotion ; Logistic Models ; Marital Status ; Protective Devices ; Smoke ; Smoking

BACKGROUND: The smoking rate of Korean male workers is top in the world. To establish the effective smoking cessation strategy, we conducted a study to evaluate the factors associated with smoking and smoking cessation. METHODS: We surveyed 509 male workers in a university hospital about age, marital status, drinking, exercise level and checked their awareness and seriousness for diseases due to smoking, benefits from smoking cessation, motivation derived from massmedi and books and their will to quit smoking by self-administerd questionnaire. RESULTS: The significant factors associated with smoking cessation were higher education (OR=1.85, 95% CI 1.26-2.74), non-religion (OR=0.56, 95% CI 0.38-0.83), drinking (OR=0.40, 95% CI 0.27-0.61), awareness (OR=1.30, 95% CI OR=1.03-3.25) and seriousness (OR=1.29, 95% CI 1.19-1.39) for smoking related disease, benefit (OR=1.21, 95% CI 1.16-1.27), and barrier (OR=0.78, 95% CI 0.74-0.83), motivation (OR=1.21, 95% CI 1.12-1.30), and the will to quit smoking (OR=1.70, 95% CI 1.56-1.85). CONCLUSION: This study suggested that effective smoking cessation program should be based on awareness and seriousness due to smoking related diseases, health benefit and barrier to quitting smoking, company's support, the individual's will to quit and various motivation methods.
Drinking ; Education ; Humans ; Insurance Benefits ; Male* ; Marital Status ; Motivation ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The specific aims of this study was to find out the barrier to smoking cessation intervention in clinical practice among clinical nurses and compare them in high barrier group with those in the low barrier group. METHOD: The sample of this study consisted of 738 nurses practicing in general hospitals with over 400 beds throughout the country. The questionnaire was adopted from the 'Oncology Nurse's Tobacco Control Survey' used in the United Stated by Sarna et al.(2001). RESULT: Age, marital status, hospital experience, position were the variables related to the mean score of subjective resource insufficiency. The perception that the patient was not motivated to quit smoking was the most commonly identified barrier in low barrier group and the second most common barrier in high barrier group. CONCLUSION: Younger, with less clinical experience, single, staff nurses were the characteristics of nurses in the high barrier group. The smoking cessation educational program should be targeted to these populations. Further research is needed to develope strategies to reduce the perception associated with barriers in delivery of tobacco cessation interventions.
Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking* ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Use Cessation ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors involved in the success of smoking cessation in heavy smokers enrolled in an intensive care smoking cessation camp program. METHODS: Heavy smokers enrolled in the program were classified into a success (n = 69) or failure (n = 29) group, according to whether they maintained smoking cessation for 6 months after the end of the program. Demographics, smoking behaviors, and smoking cessation-related characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS: Statistically significantly more participants in the success group had a spouse (98.6%; p = 0.008) compared with participants in the failure group (82.8%). However, multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that having a spouse was not an independent factor in smoking cessation (p = 0.349). A significant difference in the frequency of counseling between the success and failure groups was observed (p = 0.001), with 72.5% of those who received counseling on 3–5 occasions for 6 months after the end of program successfully quit smoking, indicating that those who received more counseling had a higher likelihood of smoking cessation success. This was confirmed as an independent factor by multivariate logistic regression (p < 0.005). Furthermore, a graduate school level of education or higher, indicated a statistically greater success rate compared to those that were less well educated (p = 0.043). This was also observed as a significant independent factor using multivariate logistic regression (p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: Education level, marital status, and the number of counseling sessions were significant factors contributing to smoking cessation success.
Counseling ; Critical Care* ; Demography ; Education ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Marital Status ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking* ; Spouses ; Tobacco*

BACKGROUND: Recently, a variety of cigarettes which contain a low content of nicotine are on the market and the nicotine tends to be reduced continuously. However, studies have not yet fully demonstrated that low-nicotine cigarettes are subservient to quitting smoking. This study was designed to investigate the effects of the nicotine content on smoking attitudes and on the factors associated with successful smoking cessation. METHODS: One hundred twenty-five adult smokers, who had undergone a health examination in a general hospital, had their carbon monoxide measured after responding to the questionnaire. The items of questionnaire consisted of the duration of smoking, the age of starting to smoke, the number of attempts to stop smoking, recognition of nicotine dependence, and nicotine dependence score. RESULTS: The subjects consisted of two groups. One group was low nicotine group and the nicotine content was lower than 0.35 mg per cigarette. The other group was high nicotine group and the nicotine content was over 0.35 mg per cigarette. he age was younger and duration of smoking was shorter in low nicotine group. Monthly income, last schooling and number of attempts to stop smoking were higher in low nicotine group. There was no statistical significant differences between the two groups in the frequency of alcohol drinking, the age of starting to smoke, marital status, nicotine dependence, carbon monoxide concentration and recognition of nicotine dependence. CONCLUSION: As there was no differences in smoking habits which has infl uence on achieving quit smoking of low nicotine group, we made our conclusion that low nicotine cigarette might be unhelpful in quit smoking.
Adult ; Alcohol Drinking ; Carbon Monoxide ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Nicotine ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco Use Disorder

BACKGROUND: The BEPSI(Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument) was developed as an instrument for quick assessment of stress in a busy office setting, and well correlated with other stress scales. Bae et al. developed the BEPSI(Korean version)[BEPSI-K] in Korea, which was used broadly in health examination. In this study, we attempted to assess degree of stress and to find stress-related factors among Koreans by the BEPSI-K. METHODS: A household telephone survey of 1,060 responders was carried out using multistage stratifed random sampling technique from April to May, 1997. The data were collected from 947 subjects who answered all the items of the BEPSI-K. RESULTS: The reliability of the BEPSI-K was demonstrated (Cronbachs alpha 0.71). The BEPSI-K score showed left-shifted distribution, and its mean was 1.72. It also was significantly high in the unmarried, those with a low educational level, those with a low income, non-economic group, hypertensive patients, smokers, non-exercisers and drinkers. Among 947 subjects, 7.7 percent was high stress according to tercile of the original BEPSI score. CONCLUSIONS: Stress-related factors were marital status, educational level, income level, occupation, exercise, smoking, drinking, and hypertension in Korea.
Drinking ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Korea ; Marital Status ; Occupations ; Single Person ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Telephone ; Weights and Measures

This study was done to compare serum levels of lipids, trace minerals, ceruloplasmin and ferroxidase activity between female college smokers and nonsmokers. Serum levels of lipids, Cu, Zn, ceruloplasmin and ferroxidase activity were determined in 33 smokers and 42 nonsmokers residing in the Seoul area. Serum levels of TG, total cholesterol and HDl-cholesterol were measured using test kits. Serum Cu Zn were determined by the AAS. Serum ceruloplasimin level and ferroxidase activity were determined by spectrophotometric methods. All data were statistically analyzed by the SAS PC package program. Mean and standard errors were calculated for each item, and the significance of the difference between two groups was evaluated by Student's t-test at p<0.05. There was no significant difference in levels of total cholesterol, TG, VLDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, LDL/HDL and atherogenic index, but HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower(p<0.05) in female college smokers than in nonsmokers. Serum zinc level showed no significant difference, whereas copper level was significantly higher in smokers, consequently yielding higher Cu/Zn ratio in smoking college women. Ceruloplasmin level was 32.6mg/dl in smoking college women, which was significantly higher(p<0.05) than that of 28.6mg/dl in nonsmokers. However, cerulopasmin ferroxidase activity, 0.34U/mg in nonsmokers was higher(p<0.05) than that of 0.29U/mg in smokers. From these results, it is confirmed that cigarette smoking itself has a very detrimental effect on health and mineral nutritional status although the smoking history is relatively short among college women(pack-years=1.7).
Ceruloplasmin* ; Cholesterol ; Copper* ; Female ; Humans ; Minerals ; Nutritional Status ; Seoul ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Zinc*

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the association between marital status and metabolic syndrome, and observed how their lifestyle may influence within their relationship. METHODS: We analyzed the data from 12,288 Korean men over 20 years old taking a health checkup in a university hospital in Ulsan from March 2008 to February 2009. The subjects were classified as married, unmarried, separated, widowed, and divorced. The odds ratios for metabolic syndrome in each marital status were calculated after adjusting for age, educational level, and family income. In only married men and divorced men, odds ratios were calculated again after adjusting for alcohol intake, smoking, or exercise added to age, educational level, and family income. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, educational level, and family income, the odds ratio for metabolic syndrome in divorced men was 1.48 (95% confidence internal [CI], 1.03 to 2.12; P = 0.03) compared to married men. However, the odds ratios in divorced men decreased to 1.47 (95% CI, 0.97 to 2.24; P = 0.07) after adjusting for alcohol intake added to age, educational level, and family income, 1.42 (95% CI, 0.99 to 2.04; P = 0.06) after adjusting for smoking added, 1.35 (95% CI, 0.93 to 1.96; P = 0.12) after adjusting for exercise added, and 1.37 (95% CI, 0.89 to 2.12; P = 0.15) after adjusting for alcohol intake, smoking, and exercise added. CONCLUSION: Divorced men were likely to have metabolic syndrome compared to married men and this finding may be mediated by their bad lifestyle.
Divorce ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male ; Marital Status ; Odds Ratio ; Single Person ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Widowhood

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of smoking in schizophrenic patients (74-92%) is higher than that of all psychiatric patients (34-54%) or general population (30-35%). This higher smoking Prevalence is demonstrated even after controlling for known confounders, such as marital status, alcohol use, and socioeconomic status. This study was conducted to determine whether there would be any difference in nicotine intake and metabolism between schizophrenics and normal controls. METHODS: Sixteen schizophrenic patients and sixteen normal controls were collected. All subjects were supplied with a pack of cigarette a day. Urinary cotinine excretion was measured by using gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method. RESULTS: Cotinine excretion was significantly increased in schizophrenic patients compared to normal controls (p<0.05). None of variables such as age at initial smoking, the average number of cigarettes at initial smoking, pack year (packs daily smoked x smoking year), abstinence history were found to influence cotinine levels when examined via the ANOVA, even when the interaction with diagnosis was considered. CONCLUSION: This result suggests that nicotine intake and consumption are increased in schizophrenic patients compared to normal controls, which can be an attempt to improve sensory inhibition and counteract neuronal effect of antipsychotic medications.
Cotinine* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Metabolism ; Neurons ; Nicotine ; Prevalence ; Schizophrenia ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Social Class ; Tobacco Products