No abstract available.
Blood Glucose ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation

This study was carried out to evaluate the relations between smoking and serum lipid levels in a group of 1,138 male white collar workers, ages 20 to 69 years. Smoking history on daily smoking amount, duration of smoking and duration of smoking cessation was obtained by questionnaire and was pack year. The levels of seurm lipid such as total cholesterol(TC), high density lipoprotein cholestoerol(HDL), triglyceride(TG), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL) were measured by enzyme method. We also observed the effects of various variables such as age, education, income, exercise, fasting blood suger, body mass index and alcohol. The correlation, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were performed using SAS pakege programme. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Age was positively related to TC, TG and LDL; income was positively related to TC and LDL; exercise was positively related to HDL; body mass index was positively related to HC, TG and LDL and was inversely related to HDL; alcohol intake was positively related to HDL and TG. 2. TC, TG and LDL increased and HDL decreased significantly with increasing daily smoking amount, duration of smoking or pack year. 3. The differences found among the various groups by duration of smoking cessation were not significant for the adjust means of TC, HDL, TG and LDL. 4. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that smoking contributed independently to all serum lipid levels of other variables such as age, education, income, exercise, body mass index, alcohol and fasting blood sugar. However, the contribution rate of smoking to the serum lipid levels was only 1-2%.
Blood Glucose ; Body Mass Index ; Education ; Fasting ; Humans ; Lipoproteins ; Male* ; Questionnaires ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation ; Smoking*

This study was done through Quasi-experimental research in order to determine the effect of social support on compliance with sick role behaviors and blood pressure in hypertensive clients. This study was done through Quasi-experimental research in order to determine the effect of social support on compliance with sick role behaviors and blood pressure in hypertensive clients. The subjects consisted of 88 hypertensive clients who were registered at Cardio-Vascular OPD in Chonnam University Hospital. They were devided to 43 people of experimental group and 45 of control group by the random sampling. The results of the study may be summarized as follows. 1. Compliance with sick role behaviors of the hypertensive clients was significantly increased in experimental group who received the social support from the nurse than control group who did not receive it(t=16.307, p<.0001). 2. The difference mean of blood pressure before and after intervention of the social support did not show the significant differences between experimental and control group(p<.05). 3. Four of the six people stopped smoking in experimental group after intervention of the social support, but there was not any of the five in control group. Fisher's Exact test told the significant differences between experimental and control group(x2=4.385, p<.05). Finally, the social support was effective on compliance with sick role behaviors and a stop smoking in the hypertensive clients.
Blood Pressure ; Compliance* ; Jeollanam-do ; Sick Role ; Smoke ; Smoking

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a program applying participatory action-oriented training (PAOT) methods for the management of cardiovascular disease risk factors and to assess its effectiveness in the workplace. METHODS: The cardiovascular disease risk factors of 817 workers in the workplace were assessed, and periodic health examination was conducted. Sixty-four workers (7.8%) were selected as a moderate-risk group and high risk group, and performed the participatory approach program for cardiovascular disease preventive management. RESULTS: The sixty-four workers who participated in the participatory approach program made a total of 246 action plans, 3.8 action plans per person and 115 action plans were achieved after three months, so that 46.7% of action plans have been achieved. In the intervention group that participated in the program, the rate of smoking decreased from 36.2% to 8.6% and systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased from 140.0+/-9.4 mmHg to 134.2+/-12.3 mmHg and from 92.6+/-7.1 mmHg to 80.0+/-9.8 mmHg respectfully. In addition, risk factor score also decreased by 0.3, whereas the control group who did not participate in the program also showed a significant reduction in the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Regular exercise increased from 8.5% to 16.0%. CONCLUSIONS: To improve the effectiveness of the participatory approach program for the management of cardiovascular disease risk factors, the need to continues implementing programs and analysis of the long-term effects are required.
Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking

This study was conducted to identify the factors for serum cholesterol level among Korean Air Force pilots. We obtained risk factors for 408 pilots examined during period from January 1996 through March 1997. The associations between total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol and age, body mass Index(BMI), smoking, drinking, blood pressure, flight time and fat intake were analyzed. The mean serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were 161.8+/-31.0 mg/dl, 475+/-11.0 mg/dl, 93.1+/-30.2 mg/dl, and 106.5+/-61.3 mg/dl respectively. Possible risk factors were total flight time, BMI, smoking, drinking, exercise, flight, and fighter or not. Total flight time and BMI were statistically significant factors In serum cholesterol level while controlling for the effect of the remaining factors. The longer the total flight time, the higher the level of serum total cholesterol. Total flight time, BMI, and drinking amount were statistically significant factors in serum HDL-cholesterol while controlling for the effect of the remaining factors. The higher the BIM, the lower the level of HDL-cholesterol. BMI was a statistically significant factor in seurm LDL-cholesterol while controlling for the effect of remaining factors. Total flight time, BIM, and flight were statistically significant factors in serum triglyceride while controlling for the effect of the remaining factors. Conclusively, BIM was a only significant factor in all four lipid levels, and total flight time took an affect to total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels.
Blood Pressure ; Cholesterol ; Drinking ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Triglycerides

The relationship of life style and physical health status was examined in a population of 1656 public servants and teachers(1069 men, 587 women) who had a periodic health examination in 1994. The study items of life style were health-related habits including sleeping time, breakfast snacking, regular exercise, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking and weight status. Physical health status was evaluated by means of tests including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, serum GOT and serum GPT. The association between life style and age-adjusted physical health status was examined by ridit analysis. Physical health status was better in women and the younger. The life style significantly associated with age-adjusted physical health status were sleeping time, snacking, regular exercise, weight status and alcohol drinking in men, and breakfast, snacking and weight status in women. The higher score of health practices index, the better age-adjusted physical health status in both sexes. These findings suggest the need for further studies including follow-up study, intervention study on the relationship of life style and health status.
Alcohol Drinking ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Breakfast ; Cholesterol ; Fasting ; Female ; Humans ; Life Style* ; Male ; Smoking ; Snacks

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the changes in blood glucose control and lipid profiles after 2-months of smoking cessation in healthy males. METHODS: Smoking abstinence was evaluated through self-report and urine cotinine levels. 12 individuals who succeeded in quitting smoking were analyzed. Fasting values of glucose and insulin were used to estimate the beta-cell activity and insulin resistance was evaluated using the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI). RESULTS: The data showed that the subjects had a significant increase in weight, body mass index and fasting plasma glucose levels after smoking cessation. The HOMA-Insulin Resistance and the HOMA beta-cell function increased significantly (p=0.005, p=0.047 respectively). The QUICKI showed a significant decrease (p=0.005). In addition, the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased significantly (p=0.028); however, changes in the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were not significant (p=0.284, p=0.445 respectively). CONCLUSION: During the initial stage of smoking abstinence, insulin resistance increased and insulin sensitivity decreased due to elevated body weight and fat composition. Therefore, it is important to educate individuals that stop smoking about the necessity of weight control during smoking cessation programs.
Blood Glucose ; Body Weight ; Cholesterol ; Cotinine ; Fasting ; Glucose ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Lipoproteins ; Male ; Plasma ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation

PURPOSE: This study was performed in order to examine the effects of an smoking cessation counselling program for smoking cessation success. METHOD: Among a total of 468 persons who had ceased from smoking for 6-months and had visited the smoking cessation clinic of a public health center from January 2nd to December 31th in 2006, 61 in all who had a negative reaction in the urine nicotine check were selected for this study. Collected data were expiratory CO concentration, BMI, blood pressure, liver function, and lipid metabolism. These data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, repeated measured ANOVA and paired t-test with the SPSS/PC(Version 12.0) program. RESULT: There were significant changes in expiratory CO concentration, SBP, DBP, AST, ALT, and TG, but not in BMI, gamma-GTP, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C. CONCLUSION: This study showed that smoking cessation through a smoking cessation counselling program has partially positive effects for smoking cessation success. The results of this study show that the smoking cessation counselling program at the smoking cessation clinic of a public health center should be continued for smoking cessation success.
Blood Pressure* ; Body Mass Index ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism* ; Liver Function Tests ; Liver* ; Nicotine ; Public Health ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation*

BACKGROUNDSmoking is related with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Retinol-binding protein-4 is a new adipocytokine associated with insulin resistance. We investigated the serum levels of a series of adipocytokines including retinol-binding protein-4 in smokers and non-smokers to explore the possible roles of adipocytokines on smoking induced insulin resistance.

METHODSA total of 136 healthy male subjects (92 smokers and 44 non-smokers) with normal glucose tolerance were enrolled in the study. Adipocytokines including retinol-binding protein-4, visfatin, leptin, resistin, adiponectin were measured for the comparison between the two groups. Serum lipid profile, glucose, true insulin and proinsulin levels were measured as well in both groups. Food intake spectrum was also investigated.

RESULTSBoth groups had similar profile of food consumption; visfatin, leptin, resistin and adiponectin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, as well as blood pressure and body mass index, were similar in both groups. Triglycerides, retinol-binding protein-4 and homeostatic model assessment index for insulin resistance were higher in smoker group ((2.58 ± 2.53) vs. (1.60 ± 0.94) mmol/L, (26.05 ± 8.50) vs. (21.83 ± 8.40) µg/ml, and 2.25 ± 2.08 vs. 1.58 ± 1.15, respectively).

CONCLUSIONSmoking may have effect on insulin sensitivity, which is correlated with retinol-binding protein-4.

Adiponectin ; blood ; Adult ; Alanine Transaminase ; blood ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; blood ; Cholesterol, HDL ; blood ; Cholesterol, LDL ; blood ; Humans ; Leptin ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase ; blood ; Resistin ; blood ; Retinol-Binding Proteins ; metabolism ; Smoking ; blood ; physiopathology ; Triglycerides ; blood

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protective effects of beta-carotene in rats against the development of chronic bronchitis induced by cigarette smoking.

METHODSForty-two Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three study groups: (1) control (n = 15), animals underwent no treatment; (2) cigarette smoking (n = 15), animals developed chronic bronchitis through long-term cigarette smoking twice a day for 75 d; (3) beta-carotene plus cigarette smoking animals (n = 12) were given 1 ml or 15 mg/kg beta-carotene orally every day just before cigarette smoking. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, NO, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipoperoxide (LPO) in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were measured and the pathological changes to lung tissue were analyzed using light microscopy.

RESULTSLong-term cigarette smoking caused an obvious increase in the amount of IL-6, IL-8 and LPO and a sharp decrease in the levels of NO and SOD in smoking animals compared to controls. beta-carotene intake reversed all the changes induced by smoking and alleviated the pathological changes caused by chronic bronchitis.

CONCLUSIONSQuantitative oral intake of beta-carotene had protective effects against chronic bronchitis induced by long-term cigarette smoking, which was associated with the increased production of NO, the clearance of some oxidative free radicals (OFR) and the alleviation of chronic inflammation.

Animals ; Bronchitis ; blood ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Interleukin-8 ; blood ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; blood ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Smoking ; adverse effects ; Superoxide Dismutase ; blood ; beta Carotene ; pharmacology