OBJECTIVES: Understanding recent trends in cigarette smoking among adolescents is important in order to develop strategies to prevent cigarette smoking. The aim of this study was to compare recent trends in cigarette smoking for adolescents living in rural areas, small towns and metropolitan cities in Korea. METHODS: The raw data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS) from 2005 to 2009 were used. Data were analyzed by using the method of complex survey data analysis considering complex sampling design. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate significant linear time trends in cigarette smoking. The indicators of cigarette use behaviors were 'current smoking rate', 'frequent smoking rate', 'heavy smoking rate' and 'smoking experience rate before 13 years of age'. All analyses were conducted according to gender. RESULTS: Statistically significant increasing trends in current smoking rate and frequent smoking rate were observed and borderline significant increasing trends in heavy smoking rate were shown among rural boys. Among metropolitan city boys, statistically significant increasing trends were also seen for frequent smoking. Statistically significant decreasing trends in current smoking rate were observed among small town and metropolitan city girls. Smoking experience rate before 13 years of age for rural girls decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking prevalence among adolescents in the rural areas has increased in the last five years especially among boys. Our findings suggest that anti-tobacco program for adolescents should be conducted primarily for those in rural areas.
Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Questionnaires ; Republic of Korea ; Rural Population ; Smoking/epidemiology/prevention & control/*trends ; Urban Population

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Cardiology ; trends ; Diet ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Pakistan ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; adverse effects

OBJECTIVES: Cigarette smoking prevalence among adolescent males in rural areas of Korea has increased in recent years. The aim of this study was to explore the factors related to increasing trends in cigarette smoking among adolescent males living in rural areas. METHODS: The raw data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey from 2006 to 2009 were used. Data were analyzed by using the method of complex survey data analysis considering complex sampling design. Multiple logistic regression models were used to explore the factors affecting cigarette smoking. We evaluated the linear time trends in the prevalence of factors that were related to current smoking status and the linear time trends in cigarette smoking in groups stratified by the exposure to each factor using logistic regression models. Finally, we examined the contributions of the factors to the time trends in cigarette smoking by adjusting for each of those factors in the baseline regression models and changes in the adjusted odds ratio by survey year. RESULTS: A statistically significant increasing trend in smoking was observed after adjusting for the factors affecting cigarette smoking. Significant factors related to cigarette use were perceived stress, experience with depression, current alcohol drinking, exposure to secondhand smoke, and academic performance. The factor related to increasing trends in cigarette smoking was academic performance. CONCLUSIONS: Stress about academic performance is an important factor affecting the increase in cigarette smoking among adolescent males in a rural area of Korea.
Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior ; Adolescent Psychology ; Alcohol Drinking ; Depression ; Humans ; Internet ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Smoking/*epidemiology/trends ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate trends of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor profiles over 17 years in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients at the Mayo Clinic. METHODS: We performed a time-trend analysis within the Mayo Clinic PCI Registry from 1994 to 2010. Results were the incidence and prevalence of CVD risk factors as estimate by the Framingham risk score. RESULTS: Between 1994 and 2010, 25 519 patients underwent a PCI. During the time assessed, the mean age at PCI became older, but the gender distribution did not change. A significant trend towards higher body mass index and more prevalent hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes was found over time. The prevalence of current smokers remained unchanged. The prevalence of ever-smokers decreased among males, but increased among females. However, overall CVD risk according to the Framingham risk score (FRS) and 10-year CVD risk significantly decreased. The use of most of medications elevated from 1994 to 2010, except for beta-blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors decreased after 2007 and 2006 in both baseline and discharge, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the major risk factors improved and the FRS and 10-year CVD risk declined in this population of PCI patients. However, obesity, history of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, and medication use increased substantially. Improvements to blood pressure and lipid profile management because of medication use may have influenced the positive trends.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Cardiovascular Diseases/complications/drug therapy/*epidemiology ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia/complications/diagnosis ; Hypertension/complications/diagnosis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/*statistics & numerical data/trends ; Prevalence ; Registries/statistics & numerical data ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; Time Factors