No abstract available.
Smell*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) improves olfactory dysfunction due to chronic rhinosinusitis. Cross-Cultural Smell Identification test (CC-SIT) is known to be one of the useful methods to assess the olfactory dysfunction. We assessed the influence of ESS on olfactory function by using symptom scores and CC-SIT, and determined the clinical validity of CC-SIT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 151 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who had received ESS were evaluated. Prior to and three months following the surgery, each patient was requested to mark a 5-point scale ranging from normosmia to anosmia. Preoperative and postoperative CC-SITs were performed for 20 patients who complained of olfactory dysfunction. To evaluate the clinical validity of CC-SIT, we assessed the correlations between CC-SIT scores, symptom scores and CT scores using the Lund-Mackay CT scoring system. RESULTS: There were a significant decrease in the symptom scores and an increase in the CC-SIT scores after ESS. However, normosmia was achieved in only 38.5% (25/65) of the patients determined by symptom scores and 23.5% (4/17) by CC-SITs. There were significant correlations between CC-SIT scores, symptom scores and CT scores (r=-0.416, r=-0.357, r=0.510, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Although the average postoperative olfactory ability after ESS was in the hyposmic range, ESS could improve the olfactory ability in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. The 5-point scale and the CC-SIT scores reflected well the severity of olfactory dysfunction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, and therefore, we recommend them as convenient and practical tools to assess olfactory ability before and after ESS.
Humans ; Olfaction Disorders ; Smell*

Estrogens/pharmacology* ; Humans ; Smell

Objective: To determine the relationship between olfactory function threshold and quality of life (QOL) among adult Filipinos with perceived olfactory dysfunction (OD). Methods: Design:Cross - Sectional Study. Setting:Tertiary Government Training Hospital. Participants: 98 adults who had self-perceived olfactory dysfunction described as “poor” or “no sense” of smell Results: We analyzed data from 98 participants, with a mean age of 35.91 + 12.58 years old, composed of 46 men (47%) and 52 women (53%), with 82 normosmic, six hyposmic and ten anosmic as categorized by their BTT scores. Twenty-seven percent (27%) identified themselves as having poor QOL based on Fil 17 QODNS. Differences were exhibited between sexes’ BTT scores - [t(96) = -2.32; p = .022; females, M: 9.25; SD: 2.33 vs. males, M: 7.76; SD : 3.91], civil status - Fil17QODNS scores [t(96)= 3.05, p < .003; married M: 11.72, SD: 13.74 vs. single, M: 4.71; SD: 8.66), and the presence of ENT symptoms BTT [t(96) = -7.15; p < .0001; symptomatic, M: 5.62; SD: 4.54, vs. asymptomatic, M: 9.78; SD: 1.14] and Fil 17 QODNS scores [t(96)= 3.94; P < .00001; symptomatic, M: 14.86; SD: 13.97] vs. asymptomatic, M: 5.217; SD: 9.60]. Significant risk factors were the presence of ENT symptoms [OR= 0.15; 95% CI: 0.02-0.97; P = .046] for poor smell threshold, and comorbidities [OR= 3.36; 95% CI: 1.04-10.85; P = .043] for poor QOL. A negative correlation was observed between Fil-QOD-NS scores and BTT scores [r = -0.477, p < .001; rs = -0.292, p = .004], signifying that the presence of olfactory dysfunction has an inverse relationship with the quality of life. Conclusion Individuals with olfactory dysfunction in this study population had poor quality of life as determined by the translated Filipino 17-item QOD-NS which has an inverse relationship with their smell threshold as represented by the BTT results. Among the factors studied, significant differences were found between sexes, civil status and presence of ENT symptoms in the BTT and Fil 17 QODNS scores. However, only presence of comorbidities and ENT symptoms are significant risk factors for quality of life and smell threshold, respectively, in this population.
Smell ; Quality of Life

气味是评价食品新鲜度最重要的参数之一。当气味以其自然浓度存在时，会在嗅觉系统中引发不同的神经活动模式。本研究提出了一种通过检测食物气味进行食物检测与评价的在体生物传感系统。我们通过将多通道微电极植入在清醒大鼠嗅球的僧帽/丛状细胞层上，进而对神经信号进行实时检测。结果表明，不同的气味可以引起不同的神经振荡活动，每个僧帽/丛状细胞会表现出特定气味的锋电位发放模式。单个大鼠的少量细胞携带足够的信息，可以根据锋电位发放频率变化率的极坐标图来区分不同储存天数的食物。此外，研究表明气味刺激后，β振荡比γ振荡表现出更特异的气味响应模式，这表明β振荡在气味识别中起着更重要的作用。综上，本研究提出的在体神经接口为评估食品新鲜度提供了一种可行性方法。
Olfactory Bulb ; Odorants ; Smell

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Olfactory disturbance is a major sinonasal symptom of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (NP). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the severity of nasal polyposis and olfactory dysfunction in CRS. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A total of 277 subjects with CRS were included in this study. All participants were divided into four groups according to the size and degree of the nasal polyposis: the control group (no polyp; n=79); NP (nasal polyp) group I (both or unilateral simple polyposis; n=85); NP group II (unilateral diffuse polyposis; n=66); and NP group III (bilateral diffuse polyposis; n=47). We analyzed the relationships between the severity of nasal polyposis and olfactory dysfunction using both the Korean Version of the “Sniffin'Sticks” test (KVSS Test) II and the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (QOD). RESULTS: The KVSS Test II TDI score was significantly decreased in the bilateral diffuse polyposis group (NP group III=15.62±13.39) compared to the other polyp groups [control group=25.04±9.67 (p<0.001); NP group I=21.67±11.18 (p=0.005); NP group II=21.51±10.85 (p=0.008)]. However, there were no significant differences in the KVSS Test II TDI score between the control group and NP groups I and II. For the QOD_NS score, only NP group III (11.51±9.87) had significantly increased values compared to the control group [8.42±12.27 (p=0.015)]. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that bilateral diffuse nasal polyposis is related to significant olfactory dysfunction in CRS.
Methods ; Nasal Polyps ; Polyps ; Smell

BACKGROUND: Dementia has emerged as a major healthy challenge, not only for clinicians but for society as a whole. So, there is a growing need for study of dementia. Evaulating the patients with dementia, examination of the sense of smell is not routinely performed. However, one of several neurologic changes include alterations in olfaction. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of olfactory function test in demented patients as diagnostic tool. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We studied the olfactory functions in 35 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type(DAT) and 20 patients with vascular dementia(VD) and compared with normal controls(n=30). These subjects were divided according to the Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE). We used the T & T olfactometer for the olfactory function test. RESULTS: In the group of questionable DAT, the detection and recognition threshold were 0.25+/-0.95, 2.38+/-1.87, in the group of definitive DAT, 1.51+/-1.52, 3.91+/-1.55 and in the group of definitive vascular dementia, 2.03+/-1.48, 4.53+/-1.45. But, in the normal controls, the detection and recognition threshold was 0.66+/-0.90, 1.55+/-0.81 respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that olfactory function test are valuable in demented patients as diagnostic tool, but not specific in DAT group and that early detection of DAT is possible by olfactory function test.
Dementia* ; Dementia, Vascular ; Humans ; Smell

Humans ; Olfaction Disorders/etiology* ; Smell

OBJECTIVES: The Korean version of the Sniffin' stick (KVSS) test is widely used in Korea to evaluate olfactory function. However, its validity and reliability have not been studied well. In this study, the authors administered the KVSS and the T%T olfactometer test to evaluate olfactory function and to establish relationships between these two test measures. METHODS: Two hundred and eleven patients participated in this prospective randomized study. One hundred and nine patients with no olfactory symptoms and 102 patients with decreased olfaction participated. All participants were underwent KVSS II and T&T olfactometer testing. RESULTS: The mean recognition threshold of the T&T olfactometer was -1.8+/-0.9 for patients with normal olfaction and 4.0+/-2.6 for patients with decreased olfaction. The mean Threshold-Discrimination-Identification score of the KVSS II was 30.0+/-3.8 for patients with normal olfaction and 15.9+/-7.1 for patients with decreased olfaction. Correlation coefficient between the two tests was significantly high (r(s)=-0.725, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The KVSS and T&T olfactometry test are both reliable tests of olfactory function and their results are well correlated with each other.
Humans ; Korea ; Prospective Studies ; Reproducibility of Results ; Smell

The high variability of measured olfactory thresholds in humans reflects very broad range of sensitivity within and among individuals. This can be derived from the strongly compressive nature of olfaction, which makes it relatively hard to compare the size of two stimuli in odor sensation. However, we know that some portion of the variation is the result of extrinsic factors e.g. the method used to measure the olfactory threshold. For this reason, in order to address the bias and reliability of a psycophysical method, we combined the use of the CCCRC (Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center) test with the step method in 40 normal Korean adults twice a week for the evaluation of threshold. The measured thresholds showed high test-retest reliability and the threshold estimates remained consistent during the testing without trial-biases. Based on the results, we can conclude that a combined test using the CCCRC test and step method can be used in the measurement of olfactory threshold in a clinical context.
Adult* ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Humans ; Odors ; Sensation ; Smell