The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the preparation of oval canals using hand and engine-driven instruments with SEM observation. Thirty single-rooted teeth with oval canal were used in this study. The teeth were divided into 3 groups. In group A, the teeth were instrumented up to a size 35 K-file using RC-prep and irrigated with 5% NaOCl between each file size. In group B, the teeth were instrumented with Profile according to the manufacture's instructions using RC-Prep and irrigated with 5% NaOCl between each file size. In group C, the teeth were instrumented with GT file according to the manufacture's instructions using RC-prep and irrigated with 5% NaOCl between each file size. Then, in all teeth, a final flush of 5ml of distilled water delivered for 30s. Canals were dried with sterile standardized paper points. After preparing the canals, the teeth were sectioned along their mesial and diatal surfaces by using low-speed diamond disc, chisel and mallet. Each root section was then dehydrated in graded concentration of alcohol (70, 80, 90, 100%), mounted on an aluminum stub, sputter-coated with gold-palladium and observed with scanning electron microscope (HITACHI S-4200) in middle and apical area. The results of this study were as follows: 1. In the middle area, group B and group C showed less smear layer than group A, and it was statistically significant (p < 0.05). 2. In the middle area, group B showed greater smear layer than group C, but it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). 3. In the apical area, group C showed less smear layer than group A, and it was statistically significant (p < 0.05). 4. In the apical area, group A showed greater smear layer than group B, but it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). 5. In the apical area, group B showed greater smear layer than group C, but it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). 6. In all groups, the middle area was less smear layer than the apical area, and it was statistically significant (p < 0.05).
Aluminum ; Diamond ; Hand* ; Smear Layer ; Tooth ; Water

Present tooth bonding system can be categorized into total etching bonding system (TE) and self-etching boding system (SE) based on their way of smear layer treatment. The purposes of this study were to compare the effectiveness between these two systems and to evaluate the effect of number of themocycling on microleakage of class V composite resin restorations. Total forty class V cavities were prepared on the single-rooted bovine teeth and were randomly divided into four experimental groups: two kinds of bonding system and another two kinds of thermocycling groups. Half of the cavities were filled with Z250 follwing the use of TE system, Single Bond and another twenty cavities were filled with Metafil and AQ Bond, SE system. All composite restoratives were cured using light curing unit (XL2500, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) for 40 seconds with a light intensity of 600 mW/cm2. Teeth were stored in distilled water for one day at room temperature and were finished and polished with Sof-Lex system. Half of teeth were thermocycled 500 times and the other half were thermocycled 5,000 times between 5degrees C and 55degrees C for 30 second at each temperature. Teeth were isolated with two layers of nail varnish except the restoration surface and 1 mm surrounding margins. Electrical conductivity (microA) was recorded in distilled water by electrochemical method. Microleakage scores were compared and analyzed using two-way ANOVA at 95% level. From this study, following results were obtained: There was no interaction between variables of bonding system and number of thermocycling (p = 0.485). Microleakage was not affected by the number of thermocycling either (p = 0.814). However, Composite restoration of Metafil and AQ Bond, SE bond system showed less microleakage than composite restoration of Z250 and Single Bond, TE bond system (p = 0.005).
Electric Conductivity ; Paint ; Smear Layer ; Tooth ; Water

Root conditioning has introduced to dissolve the smear layer and to produce surface demineralization, resulting to exposure of dentin collagen fibril and opening of dentinal tubules. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of different concentration and application time of tetracycline-HCL on root conditioning. Total 40 root specimen were prepared from 20 periodontitis-prone human single rooted tooth. The specimen were treated with tetracycline-HCL solution(20mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 100mg/ml)for 20 sec, 3 min, 5 min., and saline for 30 sec. The application method was rubbing method with cotton pellet. Under the scanning electron microscopy(20KV), the extent of smear removal and opening of the dentinal tubules were examined at x 3000. The following results were obtained. 1.Treatment of root specimen with saline did not remove the smear layer and open the dentinal tubules. 2.Treatment of root specimen with different concentration of tetracycline-HCL for 20 sec also did not remove the smear layer completely. 3.Treatment of root specimen with different concentration of tetracycline-HCL for 3 min opened the dentinal tubules and removed smear layer. 4.Treatment of root specimen with 50mg/ml of tetracycline-HCL for 3 min showed collagen fibril within the opened dentinal tubules. In conclusion, the effect of root conditioning with tetracycline-HCL is more dependent on the application time than the application concentration. Root conditioning with 50mg/ml tetracycline-HCL for 3 min is enough for obtaining the periodontal regeneration.
Collagen ; Dentin ; Humans ; Regeneration ; Smear Layer ; Tooth

This study was performed to evaluate the usability of Er:YAG laser for periodontal therapy. Forty dental root slabs (5x5x2mm3) were prepared from human periodontally diseased extracted teeth and grouped into 4 groups: 1) control (root planing only), 2) root planing and irradiated with laser at 30mJ, 3) root planing and irradiated with laser at 60mJ, and 4) root planing and irradiated with laser at 100mJ. The root slabs were embedded in resin block before laser treatment. Er:YAG laser was irradiated under water irrigation with the tip held perpendicular to the root surface in contact mode. After Er:YAG laser irradiation or planing on the root surface, morphological changes have been observed under SEM, and the micro-hardness and Ca/P ratio were compared. 1. In the control group, the root surface showed and the presence of smear layer, the directional change caused by root planing instrumentation and no exposure of dentinal tubule was observed. Laser irradiated group showed surface changes with rough dentin surface of niche and depression and dentinal tubule exposure by the elimination of smear layer. 2. The micro-hardness of root surface in the laser irradiated group, was higher than the control group. The higher energy output was applied, the higher micro-hardness on root surface was resulted. 3. The higher energy output was applied, the higher Ca/P ratio was observed. The higher Ca/P ratio in 60mJ group and 100mJ group was statistically significant, compared to the control group and the 30mJ group. These results suggest that Er:YAG laser irradiation on the periodontally diseased root surface could remove smear layer and increase the micro-hardness on root surface and Ca/P ratio which contribute to enhance the acid resistance of periodontally treated root surface.
Dentin ; Depression ; Humans ; Root Planing ; Smear Layer ; Tooth

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of EDTA and pulsed Nd:YAG laser on apical leakage of canal obturation. Forty-eight single-rooted teeth were used in this study. The teeth were instrumented up to a size 40 K-file and irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl between each file size. And the teeth were divided into 4 groups. In group A, the root canals were irrigated with a final flush of 5ml 2.5% NaOCl as a control group. The teeth in group B were irrigated with a final flush of 5ml 17% EDTA. The teeth in group C and D were irradiated by pulsed Nd:YAG laser(laser parameters were set at 1W, 100mJ, 10Hz, and 2W, 100mJ, 20Hz respectively). The results were as follows: 1. Apical leakage was observed in 50% of samples in group A, 30% of samples in group B, 20% of samples in group C, and 10% of samples in group D. 2. The teeth in group B had less leakage than group A, but there was no statistically significant differences(p>0.05). 3. The teeth in group C, D had less leakage than group A, and there was statistically significant differences(p<0.05). 4. The teeth in group C, D had less leakage than group B, but there was no statistically significant differences(p>0.05). 5. There was no significant differences in apical leakage between group C and group D(p>0.05).
Dental Pulp Cavity ; Edetic Acid* ; Smear Layer ; Tooth

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation with hypersensitivity mode on microtensile bond strength of composite resin. Twenty extracted permanent molars were randomly assigned to six groups, according to the irradiation of Er,Cr:YSGG laser, adhesive system (Optibond FL or Clearfil SE bond) and application time of etchant (15 sec or 20 sec). Then composite resin was build up on each conditioned surface. The restored teeth were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 h and twelve specimens for each group were prepared. All specimens were subjected to microtensile bond strength and the fracture modes were evaluated. Also, the prepared dentin surface and laser irradiated dentin surface were examined under SEM. The results were as follows: 1. The microtensile bond strength of laser irradiated group was lower than that of no laser irradiated group. 2. Regardless of laser irradiation, the microtensile bond strength of Optibond FL was higher than that of Clearfil SE bond. And the microtensile bond strength of 20 sec etching group was higher than that of 15 sec etching group when using Optibond FL. 3. The SEM image of laser irradiated dentin surface showed prominent peritubular dentin, opened dentinal tubules and no smear layer.
Adhesives ; Dentin ; Hypersensitivity ; Molar ; Resin Cements ; Smear Layer ; Tooth ; Water

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dentin pretreatment with Dentin Conditioner,Ultra-Etch,conditioner of Fuji Plus cement on the shear bond strength of resin-reinforced glass ionomer cements to dentin and analyze the fractured surfaces. To evaluate the bond strengh, the extracted human teeth which had uniform area of exposed dentin were cemented with conventional glass ionomer cement. 3M RelyX TM Luting (Vitremer luting cement). Fuji Plus cement after dentin pretreatment. The shear bond strengh was measured using the Universal testing machine(Instron Co., USA) with a crosshead speed of 1mm/m. The effect of dentin pretreatment was evaluated by observing pretreated dentin surfaces under the scanning electron microscope,measuring the shear bond strength and observing the fractured surfaces under the scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows: On the SEM observation of surface morphology, the specimens treated with Dentin Conditioner, Ultra-Etch and conditioner of Fuji Plus cement were removed the smear layer and funneled dentinal tubules in dentin surfaces. In RelyX TM Luting cement group, shear bond strengh of pretreated group was significantly higher than control group. In Fuji Plus cement group and Fuji I group, regardless of the type of pretreatment agents, there was tendency of increase in the shear bond strength. On the SEM observation of fractured surfaces, as the shear bond strength increase, it were shown thicker cement layers and were not shown dentinal tubules. According to these results, it were shown that dentin pretreatment have much effect on bonding states.
Dentin* ; Glass Ionomer Cements* ; Glass* ; Humans ; Smear Layer ; Tooth

OBJECTIVETo compare the difference of the surface of root resection by Er:YAG laser, ultrasonic or high-speed handpiece with scanning electron microscope (SEM), and to evaluate the possibility of using Er:YAG laser on the root resection in clinical application.

METHODSThirty maxillary central incisors were divided into three groups (Er:YAG laser group, ultrasonic group, high-speed handpiece group), and the root resection were made at root tip 3 mm with Er:YAG laser, ultrasonic instrument or long needle diamond bur according to grouping. The surface of the root resection by SEM in the aspects of debris, smear layer, opened dentinal tubules, cracks and ablation characteristics were compared.

RESULTSThe examination revealed that Er:YAG laser group and ultrasonic group had no or little debris and smear layer and with opened dentinal tubules. High-speed handpiece group had great amount of debris and smear layer and without opened dentinal tubules. Cracks were observed in ultrasonic group and high-speed handpiece group, no in Er:YAG laser group. There were ablation characteristics in ultrasonic group and high-speed handpiece group, but no in Er:YAG laser group.

CONCLUSIONFrom the morphological aspect, Er:YAG laser has much more advantage than ultrasonic instrument and diamond bur for the root resection.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this systematic review was to critically analyze previously published studies of the effects of dentin surface pretreatment with deproteinizing agents on the bonding of self-etch (SE) adhesives to dentin. Additionally, a meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the effects of the above-mentioned surface pretreatment methods on the bonding of SE adhesives to dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic search was performed using the following databases: Scopus, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The online search was performed using the following keywords: ‘dentin’ or ‘hypochlorous acid’ or ‘sodium hypochlorite’ and ‘self-etch adhesive.’ The following categories were excluded during the assessment process: non-English articles, randomized clinical trials, case reports, animal studies, and review articles. The reviewed studies were subjected to meta-analysis to quantify the effect of the application time and concentration of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) deproteinizing agents on bonding to dentin. RESULTS: Only 9 laboratory studies fit the inclusion criteria of this systematic review. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that the pooled average microtensile bond strength values to dentin pre-treated with deproteinizing agents (15.71 MPa) was significantly lower than those of the non-treated control group (20.94 MPa). CONCLUSIONS: In light of the currently available scientific evidence, dentin surface pretreatment with deproteinizing agents does not enhance the bonding of SE adhesives to dentin. The HOCl deproteinizing agent exhibited minimal adverse effects on bonding to dentin in comparison with NaOCl solutions.
Adhesives* ; Animals ; Dentin* ; Hypochlorous Acid ; Smear Layer* ; Sodium Hypochlorite

Mechanical removals in decayed teeth have been performed using drill and sharp hand instruments. These methods have some disadvantages such as pain, local anesthesia and overextended cavities. Therefore chemo-mechanical excavation of dentin carious lesions has been introduced. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of traditional mechanical methods using burs and chemo-mechanical methods (Carisolv) of caries dentin. Mechanical caries removal was carried with low speed round bur. Chemo-mechanical caries excavation was performed with Carisolv (Medi-team), using the Carisolv hand instruments. The mean time to remove caries with two different methods was evaluated and the data analyzed with SPSS software (ver 11.5) by t-test (p < 0.05). For histomorphometry of caries removal were also carried with mechanical or chemo-mechanical (Carisolv) methods from 20 extracted caries permanent molars. Complete caries removal was verified with a #23 sharp explorers, Caries Detector (Kuraray Co. Japan), and standard apical radiography. 1. Chemo-mechanical method was taken more times than mechanical method (1.5 fold) (p < 0.05). 2. Excavation for caries took more time for molar lesion than premolar lesion, and the least time was taken to remove the caries in incisor lesion (p < 0.05). 3. There were no significant differences to remove the caries between the maxilla and mandible (p > 0.05). 4. The remaining carious dentin was detected after the chemo-mechanical removal of the carious dentin, and no smear layer were seen after the mechanical and chemo-mechanical removal of the carious dentin.
Anesthesia, Local ; Bicuspid ; Dental Caries ; Dentin* ; Hand ; Incisor ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Molar ; Radiography ; Smear Layer ; Tooth