OBJECTIVETo study the status and influencing factors on sleep quality in some medical college students.

METHODSStratified sampling, pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), self-evaluation depression scale (SDS), self-evaluation anxiety scale (SAS) and self-developed questionnaire of influencing factors on the quality of sleep in medical college students were used. Cumulative odds logistic model was performed to analyze the related factors on the quality of sleep.

RESULTS19.17 percent of the medical college students showed poor quality of sleep and the difference between genders was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference was seen among different years of students and correlation was found between sleep quality and depression or anxiety (P < 0.0001). Factors influencing on the quality of sleep in medical college students would include: worry of sleep, irregular work/rest, worry on examination, stress, relationship with classmates, self-evaluated health condition, environments of the dormitory and late to bed.

CONCLUSIONInfluencing factors were identified and comprehensive measures should be taken to improve the quality of sleep.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Sleep ; physiology ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; epidemiology ; Students, Medical ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo develop the Chinese version of Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) by translating and retranslating the English version of CSHQ and to examine the reliability, content validity, construct validity of the Chinese version in a general population of school-age children.

METHODSDuring November and December 2005, a total of 20 457 school-age children from 55 primary schools of 9 cities were recruited through cluster-stratified selection, using geographic location, economic standard, and population density as criteria. A parent-administered questionnaire and the Chinese version of CSHQ were completed to quantify sociodemographic characteristics and to characterize sleep patterns and sleep disturbances, respectively.

RESULTSThe internal consistency of overall questionnaire and the eight subscales of the Chinese version of CSHQ was good (Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.73 and ranged from 0.42 to 0.69, respectively). The consistency between mother and father was ICCs = 0.89 for overall questionnaire and ranged from ICCs = 0.83 to ICCs = 0.92 for subscales. The test-retest reliability was ICCs = 0.85 for overall questionnaire and range from ICCs = 0.60 to ICCs = 0.88 for subscales. Factor analysis revealed a three-factor structure, which could represent bedtime behavior problems, sleep disturbance, sleep duration and daytime sleepiness, respectively, and the three factors could be used to explain 58.63% of the total variance. The factor loading was above 0.5 for the corresponding subscale.

CONCLUSIONSReliability, content validity and construct validity of the Chinese version of CSHQ in a general population of school-age children are good. It appears to be a suitable instrument for measuring sleep patterns and screening for sleep problems in school-aged children.

Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sleep ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of sleep disorders and the relevant determinants in a cohort of primary Sjögren' s syndrome (pSS) patients. METHODS: One hundred and eighty-six pSS patients were included in the study, who were admitted to Peking University People' s Hospital and met the criteria of inclusion and exclusion. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index(PSQI).Depression, anxiety were evaluated by patient health questionnaire (PHQ)-9, generalized anxiety disorder(GAD)-7, respectively. The demographic and clinical data were also recorded.Disease activity and damage were evaluated with the European League Against Rheumatism Sjögren's syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI). According to the PSQI score>7, the pSS patients were divided into 152 cases of sleep disorder group and 34 cases of normal sleep group. Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test or Fisher' s exact test, independent samples t test, Spearman correlation analysis and Logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of sleep disturbance (PSQI > 7) was 81.7% (152 / 186) in the pSS patients, and 52.7% (98/186) had moderate or severe sleep disorders (PSQI≥ 11). The mean PSQI score of sleep disordered group was (12.29±3.30), while the normal sleep group PSQI score was (5.50±1.20). The PSQI score, PHQ-9 score and GAD-7 score in the sleep-disordered group were significantly higher than those in the normal sleep group (P=0.000, 0.035, 0.031). The PSQI score in the sleep disordered group were significantly higher than those in the normal sleep group in seven aspects: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disorders, hypnotic drug use and daytime dysfunction. All of them had statistical significance. According to the results of Spearman correlation analysis, PSQI had significantly positive correlation with course of disease, anxiety, depression score (r=0.151, 0.240, 0.421, P < 0.05), but negatively correlated with C3, C4 (r=-0.021, -0.235, P < 0.05). Logistic analysis identified the course of disease(OR=2.809, 95%CI: 1.21-6.52)and PHQ-9 score(OR=1.422, 95%CI: 1.04-1.94)as predictors of sleep disorders. CONCLUSION The incidence of sleep disorder in the pSS patients was higher, which was closely related to the course of disease, anxiety, depression and other factors. It is critical to assess and manage comprehensively the disease.
Anxiety/etiology* ; Cohort Studies ; Humans ; Sjogren's Syndrome/epidemiology* ; Sleep ; Sleep Wake Disorders/epidemiology*

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; epidemiology ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Sleep is a highly conserved phenomenon in endotherms, and has a universal physiological function across all species. In mammals, sleep can be divided into two stages: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep, which alternate in a cyclic manner. Humans spend about one-third of their lives asleep. Sufficient sleep is necessary for humans to sustain everyday functioning. Sleep plays an important role in regulating energy metabolism, immune defense, endocrine function, and the consolidation of memory process. With the development of social economy and the change of life style, sleep duration of the residents has gradually decreased and the incidence of sleep disturbances has increased. Sleep disturbances can lead to severe mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety disorders, dementia, and other mental diseases, and may increase the risk of physical diseases, such as chronic inflammation, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis and others. Maintaining good sleep is of great significance for developing social productive forces, promoting sustainable development of economic society, and is a necessary condition for carrying out the "Healthy China Strategy". The sleep research in China started in 1950s. After decades of development, researchers have made great progress in the molecular mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness, the pathogenesis of sleep disorders and the development of new therapies. With the advancement of science and technology and the public's attention to sleep, the level of clinical diagnosis and therapy of sleep disorders in China is gradually brought in line with international standards. The publication of diagnosis and treatment guidelines in the field of sleep medicine will promote the standardization of the construction. In the future, it is still necessary to promote the development of sleep medicine in the following aspects: Strengthening the professional training and discipline construction, improving the cooperation of sleep research, promoting the intelligent diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders, and developing the new intervention strategies. Therefore, this review will comprehensively summarize the origin, current situation, and future expectations of sleep medicine in China, including discipline construction of sleep medicine, the number of sleep project grants, research findings, the status and progress of diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders, and the development direction of sleep medicine.
Animals ; Humans ; Sleep ; Sleep Wake Disorders/therapy* ; Atherosclerosis ; China/epidemiology* ; Health Status ; Mammals

OBJECTIVETo find out the prevalence of sleep disturbances for children aged 2 to 12 years old in Chengdu.

METHODSTotally 1 600 children aged 2-12 years old were selected from 5 districts in Chengdu and investigated by using questionnaire.

RESULTSAll 1 526 survey papers were returned. The average time of every day sleep in each age group (infant group, pre-school age group and school age group) were 12.12 hours, 10.42 hours and 9.47 hours. The sleep time of the children in those three groups were much less than the standard one. The proportion of the prevalence of sleep disturbance was 37.88%. Among them, there were snoring in 5.57%, choke/gargling in 1.25%, sleep inquietude in 7.86%, mouth breathing in 4.59%, sweating in 21.36%, member spasm in 2.82%, molar teeth in 8.26%, night talking in 4.02%, somnambulate in 0.2%, bedwetting in 1.95%, and difficulty falling asleep in 10.75%. There were significant differences shown in different sexes and ages, and in incidence of symptoms of some sleep disturbances. The affecting factors were the co-sleeping, tonsillitis, bronchitis, pollen allergy and their parent's snore.

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of sleep disturbances being higher and more severe than before might be due to the less sleeping time in Chengdu in children aged 2 to 12 years old. More attention should be paid by parents, the Ministry of Education and the children's doctors.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo study the sleep time and the prevalence of sleep disorders in children at ages of 2-12 years in Changsha City.

METHODSA total of 3756 children at ages of 2-12 years were randomly sampled from five districts of Changsha City from June 2006 to April 2007. A questionnaire survey was performed on their parents.

RESULTSThe average daily sleep time in the subjects was 10.60 hrs. The average daily sleep time among different age groups (1 year as a group separation) was different. It was 12.26, 11.57, 11.33, 11.26, 10.95, 10.64, 10.62, 10.45, 10.28, 9.83 and 9.61 hrs respectively in the 11 age groups of 2 to 12 years of age. The prevalence of sleep disorders in children at ages of 2-12 years was 40.9%, including frequent sleep snoring (8.2%), choke/gargling (1.5%), sleep apnea (0.8 %), sleep inquietude (7.6%), mouth breathing (4.9%), hyperhidrosis (22.6%), limbs spasm (3.2 %), sleep teeth grinding (9.5 %), sleep talking (5.5 %), sleep walking (0.9 %), nocturnal enuresis (2.5%), waking up by choke (1.9%), remaining wakefulness in the night due to too much daytime sleep time (1.5%), going to sleep too early (2.1%), night awakenings (1.6%), and screeching or crying during sleep (1.8%). The prevalence of different sleep disorders was different in children between boys and girls and among different age groups.

CONCLUSIONSThe average sleep time in children at ages of 2-5 years is less than the reference value recommended by the domestic child health care textbook. There is a higher prevalence rate of sleep disorders in children at ages of 2-12 years in Changsha City than the reported data in other cities.

Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo understand the prevalence of sleep disorders and their influencing factors in primary school children from Urumqi.

METHODSA total of 2034 children at the ages of 6-14 years were randomly sampled in 3 districts of Urumqi. The children's sleep states and their family and social environments were investigated through questionnaires.

RESULTSThe prevalence of sleep disorders in the subjects was 55%. The prevalence of sleep inquietude was the highest (14.7%), followed by sleep talking (4.8%), sleep walking (1.5%), nocturnal enuresis (1.5%), sleep teeth grinding (5.7%), habitual snoring (12.9%), sleep apnea (0.5%), and waking up by choke (1.9%). Taking drugs to stimulate or inhibit the central nervous system, frequent colds, confined housing area, family history, and sleeping with parents were risk factors for the development of sleep disorders.

CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of sleep disorders within primary school children in Urumqi is higher than the reported data. The development of sleep disorders is multifactorial.

Adolescent ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Sex Characteristics ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; epidemiology ; etiology

Objective: To explore the correlation between sleep status and frailty in adults aged 30-79 years in China, and explore the potential effect modification of general and central obesity. Methods: Based on the baseline data of the China Kadoorie Biobank, we used multinomial logistic regression to analyze the correlation between long and short sleep duration, insomnia disorder, snoring, and unhealthy sleep score with risks of pre-frailty and frailty. Both overall and obesity-stratified analyses were performed. Result: Among the 512 724 participants, 2.3% had frailty and 40.1% had pre-frailty. There was a U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and frailty score. Short (OR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.19-1.23) or long sleep duration (OR=1.19, 95%CI: 1.17-1.21), insomnia disorder (OR=2.09, 95%CI: 2.02-2.17), and snoring (OR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.59-1.63) were all positively correlated with pre-frailty, and dose-response relationships were observed between unhealthy sleep score and pre-frailty (P for trend<0.001), with OR values of 1.46 (1.44-1.48), 1.97 (1.93-2.00) and 3.43 (3.21-3.67) respectively for those having unhealthy sleep score of 1 to 3. These sleep problems were also positively correlated with frailty. Compared with the overweight or obesity group, stronger relationships were observed between short sleep duration and frailty or pre-frailty and between insomnia disorder and pre-frailty, while the relationships between snoring and frailty and pre-frailty were weaker in the participants with normal weight (P for interaction <0.007 for all). We also observed similar effect modification by central obesity. Conclusion: Long or short sleep duration, insomnia disorder, snoring and higher unhealthy sleep scores were positively correlated with pre-frailty or frailty, general and central obesity status could modify the relationships.
Adult ; China/epidemiology* ; Frailty/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Sleep/physiology* ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/epidemiology* ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; Snoring/epidemiology*

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of common sleep disorders in western countries, affecting 4% of males and 2% of females. It is characterized by repeated obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, leading to intermittent hypoxemia, sympathetic activation, and sleep fragmentation. OSA is an independent risk factor for a range of medical problems, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and cognitive dysfunctions. The etiology of OSA is complex and incompletely understood, but recent studies have shown that the development of OSA depends on the structure of the airway anatomy, the responsiveness of the upper airway dilator muscle to stimulation, and the stability of the respiratory control system. This review details the epidemiological and experimental evidence surrounding the associations between OSA and chronic diseases. Recent findings on the etiology of OSA will also be discussed.
Anoxia ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Chronic Disease ; Depression ; Epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive* ; Sleep Deprivation ; Sleep Wake Disorders