A condition of underestimation of sleep is classified as paradoxical insomnia or sleep state misperception. However, overestimation of sleep, so called positive sleep state misperception has not been clearly described. Here we report a middle-aged woman with positive sleep state misperception who presented excessive sleepiness mimicking hypersomnia.
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence* ; Female ; Humans ; Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic* ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of sleep-state misperception and to identify any differences in the clinical characteristics of primary insomniacs with and without misperception. METHODS: In total, 250 adult primary insomniacs were enrolled whose objective total sleep time (TST) was more than 120 min, as assessed by full-night polysomnography. Sleep state misperception was defined objectively as a TST of at least 6.5 h and an objective sleep efficiency (SE) of at least 85%. RESULTS: The prevalence of sleep-state misperception in primary insomniacs was 26.4%. The (low) quality of sleep and psychiatric parameters were similar in the two groups, although the objective sleep architecture was relatively normal for the misperception group. Multivariate analysis revealed that both SE and sleep quality were significant factors associated with subjective TST in the misperception group, while only SE was significant in those without misperception. Subjective TST was a significant effect factor with respect to sleep quality in the misperception group, while the Beck Depression Inventory-2 score and age were significant factors in those without misperception. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical characteristics of patients with sleep-state misperception differed from those without this condition. This suggests that these two groups should be separated and the treatment goals tailored specifically to each.
Adult ; Depression ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Polysomnography ; Prevalence ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

A 63-year-old female with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) presented with clinical features indistinguishable from paradoxical insomnia (PI). Her main complaint was chronic insomnia. Her subjective sleep latency was 2-3 h, subjective sleep time was less than 3 h, despite spending 8 h in bed, and she reported near constant awareness of her surroundings while lying in bed. Her body mass index (BMI) was 22.67 kg/m2, and her neck circumference was 34.5 cm. Nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG) findings indicated severe OSAS. Her total sleep time (TST) was 359 min, sleep latency 13 min, and her apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) was 74.6/h. The aim of this report is to evaluate the association between PI and OSAS cases confirmed by NPSG.
Body Mass Index ; Deception ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; Polysomnography ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; Sleep Wake Disorders, Intrinsic ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations. Only a few studies have focused on non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM parasomnias in narcolepsy. We report a narcolepsy without cataplexy patient presenting parasomnia as an initial symptom. A 18-year-old boy was admitted to hospital for abnormal behavior of sitting up during sleep over 2 years. He had a symptom of lethargy without cataplexy and subjective excessive daytime sleepiness, but his family found him often asleep during daytime. He underwent 3 times of polysomnography (PSG) including 1 multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) after the last PSG. The last PSG showed 1 episode of abrupt sitting. Three sleep REM onset period was observed in MSLT which was not detect in PSG. Parasomnia as an initial symptom of narcolepsy is a rare clinical entity. The MSLT may be useful in the evaluation of patients with parasomnia and unexplained hypersomnia.
Adolescent ; Cataplexy ; Disorders of Excessive Somnolence ; Eye Movements ; Hallucinations ; Humans ; Lethargy ; Male ; Narcolepsy ; Parasomnias ; Polysomnography ; Sleep Arousal Disorders ; Sleep Paralysis

Excessive daytime sleepiness in childhood might be abnormal phenomenon and often related to the sleep disorders or insufficient sleep duration. The most common cause of excessive daytime sleepiness would be insufficient sleep. However, narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, medication, medical illness and other sleep disorders that could cause insomnia and poor quality of sleep also result in excessive daytime sleepiness. The misdiagnosed and untreated excessive daytime sleepiness in childhood can lead to serious developmental and educational problem.
Child ; Humans ; Hypersomnolence, Idiopathic ; Narcolepsy ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; Sleep Wake Disorders, Circadian Rhythm ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

Narcolepsy is a central neurologic system disease. It begins early in life with disabling symptoms including excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucination and nocturnal sleep fragmentation. Patient with typical symptoms of narcolepsy is diagnosed by objective data from nocturnal polysomnography and multiple sleep latency tests. Narcolepsy is controlled with various medications. Nowadays, modafinil with favorable side effects profiles compared with traditional stimulant is mainly used. Gamma hydroxyl butyrate is effective in cataplexy. Cataplexy is also controlled with antidepressant such as Venlafaxine, SSRI, and TCA. As the knowledge of pathophysiology of narcolepsy expands, new treatment including immunological method, application of hypocretin and histamine systems have been tried.
Benzhydryl Compounds ; Butyrates ; Cataplexy ; Cyclohexanols ; Disorders of Excessive Somnolence ; Hallucinations ; Histamine ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Narcolepsy ; Neuropeptides ; Polysomnography ; Sleep Deprivation ; Sleep Paralysis ; Orexins ; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride

The prevalence of sleep disorder is about 30% of the population. Common sleep disorders are insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and parasomnia. These sleep disorders lead various medical and mental complications. However, most sleep disorders are underdiagnosed and not treated appropriately. Sleep medicine is important for treating these sleep disorders and maintaining general healthy conditions. Specialized and comprehensive treatments for sleep disorder are important in sleep medicine.
Narcolepsy ; Parasomnias ; Prevalence ; REM Sleep Behavior Disorder ; Restless Legs Syndrome ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; Sleep Wake Disorders* ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

A total of 85 sleep disorders are described in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd ed. Knowledge about those sleep disorders will be essential not only for good and healthy sleep but also for maintaining adequate physical and mental function during daytime. Sleep medicine has a relatively short history compared to other medical fields, thus, many sleep disorders are not familiar to the general public and even to physicians. In this small review about various sleep disorders, I will briefly introduce basic concepts about insomnia, sleep-related breathing disorder, hypersomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, parasomnia and sleep-related movement disorders. These sleep disorders are frequently encountered in clinical settings, and understanding them will give us insight about the basic mechanism of sleep-wake states.
Classification ; Diagnosis ; Disorders of Excessive Somnolence ; Movement Disorders ; Parasomnias ; Respiration ; Sleep Wake Disorders* ; Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

BACKGROUND: Aircraft noise is a major environmental noise problem. This study was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between sleep disturbance and exposure to aircraft noise on the residents who are living near an airport. METHODS: There were 3308 residents (1403 in the high exposure group, 1428 in the low exposure group, and 477 in the non-exposure group) selected as the subjects for this study. The Insomnia severity Index (ISI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaires were used to evaluate sleep disturbance. RESULTS: The mean ISI and ESS scores were 6.9 ± 6.4 and 5.5 ± 3.7, respectively, and the average scores were significantly greater in the aircraft noise exposure group, as compared to the non-exposure group. The percentage of the abnormal subjects, which were classified according to the results of the ISI and ESS, was also significantly greater in the noise exposure group, as compared to the control group. The odd ratios for insomnia and daytime hypersomnia were approximately 3 times higher in the noise exposure group, as compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of insomnia and daytime hypersomnia was higher in the aircraft noise exposure group, as compared to the control group. Further study is deemed necessary in order to clarify the causal relationship.
Aircraft* ; Airports* ; Cross-Sectional Studies* ; Disorders of Excessive Somnolence ; Noise* ; Prevalence ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

INTRODUCTION: There has been an increasing interest in the relationship between sleep and suicidality. In addition, suicidal patients habitually report their sleep problems. Although sleep-related complaints and electroencephalographic changes are generally encountered in psychiatric disorders, sleep complaints such as insomnia, hypersomnia and nightmares are more common in suicidal patients. In current study, we aimed at investigating the relationship between self-reported sleep duration and suicidality in general population. METHODS: One thousand general population (male : female=500 : 500, mean age=39.6+/-11.6 years, ranged age=20-77 years) completed Center for Epidemiologic Study-Depression (CES-D), Beck Suicide Intent scale (BSI), Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), Morningness-Eveningness Scale (MES) and brief questionnaire of sleep habits. RESULTS: After controlling for age and sex, score of BSI was correlated positively with the score of CES-D, STAXI and BIS on partial correlation analysis (r(p)=0.251 ; p<0.001, r(p)=0.352 ; p<0.001, and r(p)=0.175 ; p<0.001, respectively). In addition, score of BSI was inversely correlated with the score of MES (r(p)=-0.066; p=0.037). However, score of BSI showed no significant correlation with sleep duration. However, regression analysis revealed that short (<6 hrs) or long (>10 hrs) sleep duration, the family history of psychiatric illness, the score of CES-D, and the score of STAXI predicted higher score of BSI significantly in total subjects (F=17.837, adjusted R2 =0.166 ; p=0.003, p=0.003, p<0.001, and p=0.003, respectively). This model was explained better in depressed subjects with 16 or higher score of CES-D (F=9.920, adjusted R2=0.298). CONCLUSION: Current result suggested that not only short sleep duration (<6 hrs) but also long sleep duration (>10 hrs) might be related to suicidality.
Anger ; Depression ; Disorders of Excessive Somnolence ; Dreams ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Republic of Korea ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Suicide