No abstract available.
Skin, Artificial*

Skin-substitute has developed rapidly and it is essential to evaluate its effectiveness before clinical use.This paper reviews the development of skin-substitute,methods to evaluate the effectiveness of skin-substitute and relevant standards.This paper highlights the and means of preclinical effectiveness evaluation and provides theoretical basis for preclinical safety evaluation of skin-substitute.
Skin, Artificial

Artificial skin Integra - a biological membrane that could restore derma, is new material in treating burn wound and in many other specialties such as plastic surgery, orthopedics, and pediatrics. Integra was commonly used in cases deep burn on head and neck, hands. It speeds up formation new derma layers at implanted areas and the successful rate was high (95%), gives good results in functional and aesthetic aspects
Skin, Artificial ; Surgery, Plastic ; Burns ; Therapeutics

As a temporary skin substitute, the dressings can protect the wound, stop bleeding, prevent infection and contribute to wound healing. According to the characteristics of the materials, wound dressings can be classified into traditional wound dressings, interactive dressings, bioactive dressings, tissue engineering dressings and smart dressings, etc. Different dressings have different characteristics, and some products have been widely used in clinic. Recently nanomaterials and three-dimensional bio-printing technology have significantly improved the performance of wound dressings. Future dressings will be developed from single function to multi-function composite, and integrated into an intelligent one. This paper reviews the current research progress and future development prospects of wound dressings.
Bandages ; Skin, Artificial ; Tissue Engineering ; Wound Healing

To investigate differentiation and growth process of keratinocytes in organotypic cultured skin, we carried out immunohistochemical studies for cytokeratin (CK) 10, 14, 16, 17 and involucrin in the cultured skin. In normal skin CK14 and CK10 were detected in the basal and all suprabasal layer, respectively, whereas in artificial skin CK14 was detected up to the middle of spinous layer but CK10 expressed from the middle of spinous layer. The detection of involucrin in normal skin was from the upper spinous layer but found from lower spinous layer in the artificial skin. Both CK16 and CK17 did not expressed in in vivo skin but expressed weakly in the spinous layer of artificial skin. It is therefore concluded that the characteristics of basal cell were maintained in the several, lower layers of the sartificial skin. The growth and differentiation steps of the skin were similar to those of in vivo although differences were seen in the expression level.
Cells, Cultured* ; Epidermis* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Keratinocytes ; Keratins* ; Skin ; Skin, Artificial*

Skin is the largest organ in human body. It guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments, and internal organs. The skin faces the environment, and it is the first line to defend against the assaults of external physical, chemical, and micro-organic factors. The other functions of skin include systemic metabolism, temperature regulation, sensation, and production of vitamin D and folate. Skin injury usually leads to barrier function damage. Extensive skin injury would induce a series of problems such as water-electrolyte disorder, hypoproteinemia, and severe infection. Thus it is important to choose a suitable wound dressing when the skin is severely injured. The characteristics of wound dressings have undergone repeated and noticeable changes over the last several years. Compared with that of the traditional dressing, the ability of new dressings is improved obviously in the properties of wound protection, infection prevention, and wound healing promotion. This article deals with an overview on the characteristics of different wound dressings.
Bandages ; Burns ; surgery ; Humans ; Skin ; injuries ; Skin, Artificial ; Wound Healing

Skin grafting is one of the two major surgical procedures to repair losses of skin tissue. For severely burned patients, the autologous donor skin is not enough to cover extensive wounds. Therefore, several types of mixed skin grafting have been developed in the past fifty years. Two of them, the intermingled skin grafting and microskin grafting overlaid by a sheet of allogeneic skin, have been widely applied in the treatment of major deep burn patients, resulting in a and significant decreased of the mortality. Two other methods, i. e, mixed grafting of autologous and allogeneic microskin or keratinocytes are still under investigation. In this review, we summarize the evolution of mixed skin grafting, introduce the classification of mixed skin grafting, analyze their merits and demerits, and distinguish it with composite skin grafting or transplantation. The perspective of mixed skin grafting will be focused on three aspects, i. e, prolonging the survival of allograft by induction of donor-specific immune tolerance, accelerating the wound healing by strengthening the interactions between the keratinocytes and fibroblasts, and decreasing the wound scarring and contraction by optimizing the amounts of cellular or acellular allogeneic dermis.
Burns ; surgery ; Humans ; Skin Transplantation ; Skin, Artificial ; Wound Healing

Artificial dermis is a kind of tissue engineering dermal substitute and is used to repair dermal defects caused by a variety of reasons. This article describes the characteristics and the mechanism of repair and reconstruction of bilayer artificial dermis. Based on domestic experience of clinical applications and relative literature of bilayer artificial dermis, more than 50 domestic experts in related field reached a consensus on indications, contraindications, operation procedures in clinical application, cautions, and treatment and prevention of complications of bilayer artificial dermis, providing reference for clinical application.
Consensus ; Dermis ; pathology ; Skin Transplantation ; methods ; Skin, Artificial ; Tissue Engineering

Cornified envelope is highly insoluble structure formed beneath the plasma membrane during terminal differentiation of keratinocytes and is stabilized by cross linking of various proteins, including involucrin, loricrin, and cornifin. Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease characterizing inflammatory reaction and hyperproliferation of keratinocyte. There are some differences in involucrin immunolabelling in stratum corneum between normal and psoriasis epidermis. Labelling was convergent to cornified envelope in psoriasis skin but throughout cytoplasm in normal skin. To compare terminal differentiation patterns of normal and psoriasis keratinocytes, we reconstructed normal and psoriatic artificial skin by using primary cultured keratinocytes from normal and psoriasis skin and then performed immunogold labelling for involucrin in stratum corneum. Psoriatic artificial skin had thin and poorly organized corneal layer. Immunogold labelling for involucrin revealed same pattern of that in vivo by showing throughout cytoplasm in lower layer but convergent cornified envelope in upper layer. Compared with psoriatic artificial skin, normal artificial skin had well organized and thick stratum corneum. Involucrin labelling was throughout cytoplasm in most of corneal layer but convergent to cornified envelope in some uppermost cells. Even though some cells show convergent pattern in normal artificial skin, absolute number of this pattern was no lesser than in artificial psoriatic skin because of normal artificial skin had thick stratum corneum. This result showed there was no difference in involucrin distribution in terminal differentiation of normal and psoriasis keratinocytes in organotypic culture model. It is concluded that although well organized multiple corneal layers are formed in normal artificial skin, they can not reach to full maturation of cornified envelope, and difference of involucrin localization in cornified envelope of psoriasis epidermis is related with not peculiarities of the cells but rapid growing in vivo.
Cell Membrane ; Cytoplasm ; Epidermis ; Keratinocytes ; Psoriasis ; Skin ; Skin Diseases ; Skin, Artificial*

OBJECTIVETo construct composite skin containing living cells and to observe its significance in the repair of full skin loss in mice.

METHODSThe dermal substitute was formed by culturing heterogeneous fibroblasts on the acellular chondrocyte collagen scaffold for 3 days, and then cultured on the epithelial membrane for another 10 days, to form the composite skin containing living cells. The composite skin was grafted onto full layer skin defect. The growth condition was observed and biopsies were harvested for histologic examination.

RESULTSBoth fibroblasts and stratified epithelium grew well in the collagen scaffold. The composite skin adhered tightly to wounds of the mice, with obvious vascularization one week after grafting. The grafts began to merge with the wound margin at 6 post operation weeks without obvious signs of rejection.

CONCLUSIONFull skin loss could be repaired by composite skin formed by acellular chondrocyte collagen scaffold as a skin substitute.

Animals ; Collagen ; Humans ; Mice ; Skin ; pathology ; Skin Transplantation ; methods ; Skin, Artificial ; Tissue Engineering