Objective To compare the performance of newly developed Chronic Kidney Disease Epideniology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation in patients with peripheral arterial diseases (PAD).Methods A total of 841 patients with PAD were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study.Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), calculated by MDRD and CKD-EPI equation respectively, was analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis, Bland-Altman method and Kappa test for the evaluation of correlation and consistency.Net reclassification improvement (NRI) was adopted to compare the death risk assessment between these two equations.Results Although the eGFR was 4.33 ml· min-1 · (1.73 m2)-1 higher with MDRD equation than with CKD-EPI equation, there were still significant correlation and fine consistency between eGFRMDRD and eGFRCKD-EPI (Kappa: 0.749, r=0.991, P＜0.05).The CKD-EPI equation re-classified 9 (1.1％) patients upward to higher eGFR category and 143 (17.0％) patients downward to lower eGFR category.Besides, the performance of risk assessment for all-cause death was better with CKD-EPI equation than with MDRD equation (NRI=0.059, P ＜ 0.05), which was not the case for cardiovascular death (NRI=0.022, P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions There is no solid evidence suggesting that CKD-EPI equation performs better than MDRD equation.

Using the immunohistochemical method combined with tract tracing techniques, a new subdivision, the marginal division, was found in the striatum of the rat. In this subdivision, substance P, enkephaline and dynorphin B terminals were densely localized. The present study investigated the synaptic organization of the substance P-like immunoreactive nerve terminals in the marginal division. Four major types of substance P immunoreactive synapses were identified. Axodendritic and axospinous synapses were the most common ones. Compound synapses with more than two synaptic components were also observed. One axo-axonic synapse was present. Both symmetric and asymmetric substance P-like immunoreactive synapses were seen in the marginal division. The existence of asymmetric synapses, small postsynaptic dendrites and axo-axonic synapses, distinguished the substance P-like immunoreactive nerve terminals in the marginal division from those in the other part of the striatum. The characteristics and complexity of the synaptic organization suggested that the substance P-like immunoreactive nerve terminals in the marginal division probably orginate from a different source and have a different function, as compared to those in the rest part of striatum.

BACKGROUND:Hyperhomocysteine can be caused by 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutation, and HHcy is the independent risk factor for cerebral stroke.
OBJECTIVE:To study the correlation between plasma homocysteine level and polymorphisms of MTHFR gene C677T of young people in Shenzhen area, and to explore the relationships of plasma hyperhomocysteine level with other clinical indicators.
METHODS:A total of 101 cases with hyperhomocysteine were col ected as experimental group, and 101 cases with normal homocysteine level served as control group (20-45 years old). Genomic DNA was extracted with magnetic nanoparticles method from mouth swab samples of 202 cases. Then the DNA was amplified into target gene fragment by PCR, and amplification product was then sequenced.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The frequencies of CC, CT, TT genotype of MTHFR C677T showed significant differences between the experimental group and the control group (P<0.01). This evidence indicates that the polymorphisms of MTHFR gene C677T can influence plasma homocysteine level of young people in Shenzhen area;TT genotype frequencies and T al ele frequencies in the experimental group were higher than that of control group. Besides, the plasma homocysteine level of TT genotype was significantly higher than that of CT genotype and CC genotype in the experimental group (P<0.05). We can conclude that TT genotype can improve the homocysteine level more than CT genotype;The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in the experimental group were significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). It indicated that hyperhomocysteine can induce the elevation of blood pressure level;but it is not sure that hyperhomocysteine can increase cholesterol level in our study.

After oral administration of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen in Chinese), Panax notoginseng (Sanqi in Chinese) and Danshen Sanqi combination suspensions to Beagle dogs, the plasma concentration-time profiles of danshensu, tanshinone II(A), cryptotanshinone, notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and analyzed with BAPP 2.0 software. The results showed that the Cmax and AUC of danshensu, notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 in Danshen Sanqi combination group all decreased in comparison with those of Danshen or Sanqi given alone, while the CLz/F and Vz/F increased to some extent. No significant differences of the pharmacokinetics of tanshinone II(A) and cryptotanshinone were observed between groups.

BACKGROUND:Toxic cytarabine is often used to prepare highly purified neurons in experimental studies addressing central nervous system diseases. However, the intervention time of cytarabine is little reported. OBJECTIVE:To determine the optimal intervention time of cytarabine(final concentration 10μmol/L) in primary culture of rat cortical neurons. METHODS:Rat primary cortical neurons were cultured in Neurobasal+B27 medium, and 10μmol/L cytarabine were added at 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after culture, respectively. Half of the medium were changed every 48 hours. The morphology of neurons was observed under inverted microscope at 7 days. The purity and differentiation of neurons maturity were identified by immunocytochemistry method of neuron specific enolization enzyme staining. Morphometric analysis for all neuron-specific enolase positive cells was performed by Multifunction Computer Image Analysis System. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After addition of cytarabine at 24 hours of culture, the purity of neurons was more than 90%, well-differentiated cortical neurons accounted for 89.00%, and the area of neuronal body was the largest with the longest synapses. There were more neuron cells with transparent cytoplasm, and large nucleus. The cell body had good refraction and strong stereo sense. The neurons with 3-4 synapses and 3-4 bifurcates formed a good network structure. These results illustrate that although it willbe beneficial for the purity of neurons to add cytarabine early in neuron culture process, it will make obvious effect on neuronal differentiation. The highly purified and well-grown cerebral cortical neurons will be obtained after cultured in neurolbasal medium, which cytarabine is added to at 24 hours of culture.

Objective To explore the diagnostic value of magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) and DWI for detecting intestinal wall property of crohn's disease (CD). Methods Forty four patients with CD were prospectively enrolled in the study, and MR enterography (MRE), MTI and DWI were performed. According to MRE findings, patients were divided into three subgroups:acute inflammatory group, chronic fibrotic group and combined inflammatory with fibrotic group. Intestinal wall T2WI signal, magnetization transmisson rate (MTR) and ADC value were measured on MRE, MRI and DWI imagings, respectively. The differences of MTR and ADC among the three groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA;the differences of T2WI scores were analysed by Kruskal Wallis;the differences of MTR and ADC values between normal and pathological intestinal wall were analyzed by paired t test;ROC curve were used to evaluate the CD fibrosis and inflammation diagnostic efficiency of MTI ana DWI based on MRE signs. Results Among the 44 cases, 11 cases were in the acute inflammatory group, 18 cases were in the chronic fibrotic group and other 15 cases were in the combination group. The T2WI score, MTR and ADC among the three groups showed significant differences (all P<0.01).The mean MTR and ADC of pathological intestinal wall of the 44 cases were (40.77±6.05)%and (1.04±0.18)× 10-3mm2/s, and the adjacent normal bowel were (21.75±4.17)%and (1.97 ± 0.23) × 10- 3mm2/s, respectively. Moreover, the difference of the above values showed significant differences (t=19.12,-21.80 respectively, all P<0.01). There was a negative correlation between MTR and T2WI score (r=-0.71,P<0.01). While ADC value was positively correlated with T2WI score (r=0.80, P<0.01). Using ROC curve analysis to differentiate the CD fibrosis from acute inflammation, the area under the curve (AUC) of MTR and ADC were 0.97 and 0.96 ,respectively. Conclusions Both MTI and DWI can be used to assess the properties of intestinal wall, which has the same diagnostic efficacy to identify the acute inflammation and fibrosis.

[Objective]To explore the efficacy of T2* mapping for evaluating inflammatory activity in the patients with Crohn disease(CD).[Methods]A total of 98 CD patients underwent MR enterographywith T2*WI. T2* values were measured by put-ting regions of interest on the thickening bowel wall on T2*mapping. The activity of bowel segment was scored by magnetic resonance index of activity(MaRIA),to analyze the relationship between T2*values with CD activity.[Results]A total of 160 bowel segments were evaluated and includedinactive(MaRIA<7,n=26),mild(7≤MaRIA<11,n=23),and moderately-severe(MaRIA≥11, n = 111)active lesions. The differences in T2* values amongthese three groups were significant(all P < 0.05). T2* values of 160 bowel segments correlatedclosely withMaRIA(r=0.743,P<0.05). High accuracy of T2*values was shown for differentiating inac-tive from active CD(AUC=0.877)anddifferentiating inactive-mild from moderate-severe CD(AUC=0.848). The threshold T2*value of 20 ms allowed differentiation of mild from moderate-severe CD with74.5%sensitivity and 84%specificity.[Conclusions]T2*values, as thequantitative indexof T2*mapping,correlate well with CD activity and showsatisfiedefficacy for diagnosing inflammatoryactivity.

Objective To examine whether the marginal division of the striatum(MrD)is involved in the associative learning and memory function of human brain with the help of functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)technique.Methods Sixteen right-handed normal volunteers participated in a test of paired-word associative learning and memory,while the fMRI data were recorded.Control tasks were performed for the block-design.Statistcs parameter mapping 99 was used to analyze the data and to obtain the activated brain regions.Results When the threshold was set as P＜0.005.using a one-sample T-test,the left occipital lobe and the superior and middle gyrus of the left frontal lobe were activated remarkably during the encoding process of the paired-word associative learning and memory task,with the maximum intensity T value being 13.87 and 9.36.respectively.The left MrD was also obviously activated during this stage(T value was 5.46).But during the retrieval process,the left parietal lobe was prominently activated(T value was 8.73).Conclusion The resuhs of this study reveal that the subcortical structures such as MrD as well as the cerebral cortex are involved in the associative learning and memory of paired-word in human brain.

Objective To investigate the neural representations of long-term digital memory in human brain by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique. Methods 22 right-handed normal volunteers were recruited to participate in a test of long-term digital memory while the fMRI data were recorded. Control tasks were performed for the block-design. SPM 99 was used to analyze the data and to obtain the activated brain regions.Numbers of activated voxels were used to calculate lateralization index (LI). Results When the threshold was set as P＜0. 0001 ,using a one-sample t -test,the middle gyrus of the left frontal lobe(t=9.68) and the right cerebellum ( t = 9.85 ) were activated remarkably during the memory task. The subcortical structures including the thalamus (t=6.72) and the caudate (t=6.58) were also obviously activated during the memory task. LI of the numbers of activated voxels was 0.51. Conclusions The subcortical structures and the cerebellum as well as the cerebral cortex are collaborative to contribute to long-term digital memory function in human brain. The results also reveal that the functional areas of long-term digital memory in human brain are localized with the functional lateralization in the left hemisphere.

OBJECTIVE:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of metronidazole combined with hydrogen peroxide for uterine cavity lavage in the treatment of puerperal infection. METHODS:Retrieved from PubMed,Cochrane library,Wanfang database,VIP,CBM and CNKI,Meta-analysis was performed by using Cochrane collaboration Rev Man 5.3 software after data extraction and quality evaluation with modified Jadad scale. RESULTS:A total of 16 RCTs were included,involving 1 280 patients. Meta-analysis showed that total response rate of observation group was significantly higher than that of control group [OR＝5.76,95%CI(3.21,10.35),P＜0.001],but febrile duration [MD＝－2.08,95%CI(－2.32,－1.84),P＜0.001],duration of clinical symptom [MD＝－2.71,95%CI(－2.89,－2.53),P＜0.001] and average hospital stay [MD＝－3.05,95%CI(－3.32,－2.79),P＜0.001] are significantly shorter than control group; the incidence of ADR [OR＝0.27,95%CI(0.08,0.89),P＝0.03] was significantly lower than control group,with statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS:Metronidazole combined with hydrogen peroxide for uterine cavity lavage show good therapeutic efficacy and safety in the treatment of puerperal infection.