ObjectiveBased on literature data mining， this study explores the modeling elements of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome （IBS-D） animal models in China and abroad， providing references and suggestions for improving modeling methods and evaluation indicators. MethodsRelevant literature on IBS-D animal experiments from 2014 to 2024 was retrieved through computer searches in databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang Data， VIP， Chinese Medical Journals Full-text Database， and PubMed. Information on experimental animal species， gender， body weight， modeling methods， modeling periods， intervention controls， modeling standards， and detection indicators was organized. Microsoft Excel 2021 software was used to establish a database and perform statistical analysis to examine the characteristics of IBS-D animal models. ResultsA total of 398 articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. The IBS-D animal models were predominantly established using SD rats， Wistar rats， and C57BL/6 mice. Male animals were more commonly used， with rats typically aged 6-8 weeks and mice aged 4-6 weeks. In terms of interventions， piverium bromide was the main Western medicine， Tongxieyaofang was the primary Chinese medicine， and electroacupuncture was the primary acupuncture method. Among the modeling methods， the multi-factor combined composite modeling approach was the most common. Modeling periods were mainly concentrated between 1-14 days and 15-30 days. The success criteria for modeling were mainly evaluated based on the animal's general condition， fecal appearance， visceral sensitivity， gastrointestinal motility， behavior， and pathology. Detection indicators included apparent indexes， pathological markers， biochemical indicators， oxidative stress， brain-gut peptides， neurotransmitters， inflammatory factors， immune function， intestinal permeability， autophagy， apoptosis， proteins related to relevant signaling pathways， intestinal microbiota and its metabolites， etc. ConclusionThere are various methods for establishing IBS-D animal models， but no unified and universally accepted method has been established. The operation of the same modeling methods and the evaluation standards of the models vary across studies. Based on the results of data mining， the authors suggest that the multi-factor combined composite modeling approach most closely reflects the pathophysiological processes of IBS-D， better simulating the complex clinical symptoms of IBS-D patients， such as abdominal pain and diarrhea， and has a high degree of clinical relevance. This method is relatively recommended. While animal models in general align with Western medicine standards， models incorporating traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndromes are relatively few. Therefore， one of the future directions for research is to establish IBS-D animal models that meet the combined clinical disease and syndrome requirements of both Western and Chinese medicine.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of excessive activation of the Specific protein 1 （Sp1）-MicroRNA-582-3p （miR-582-3p）-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor （p27） axis on the cell cycle and proliferation of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells at the cellular level， thereby investigating the possible mechanisms by which Astragali Radix and Hedyotis diffusa（A-H） regulate the axis to inhibit A549 cells proliferation. MethodsLentiviral plasmid transfection technology was used to obtain four stable A549 transgenic cell lines： shRNA-Sp1+LV-miR-582-3p mimic， shRNA-Sp1+LV-mNC， shRNA-NC+LV-miR-582-3p mimic， and shRNA-NC+LV-mNC. Real-time PCR was used to detect the effect of Sp1 on miR-582-3p expression in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. CCK-8 and colony formation assay were used to detect the effect of Sp1 on cell proliferation through miR-582-3p， while flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of Sp1 on cell cycle via miR-582-3p. Western blot was used to detect the effect of Sp1 on cyclin in A549 cells through miR-582-3p. CCK-8 was employed to detect the effects of different concentrations （5%， 10%， 20%， 40%， 80%） of A-H on A549 cell viability， and the optimal concentration was selected for subsequent mechanism exploration. Stable transgenic strains oe-Sp1 and control oe-Vector were constructed using the above-mentioned transfection techniques. Real-time PCR was then used to investigate the effect of A-H on miR-582-3p expression in A549 cells， while Western blot was employed to detect the effect of A-H on Sp1 and p27 expression in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. ResultsCompared with the shRNA-NC+LV-mNC group， the expression of miR-582-3p was significantly inhibited in the shRNA-Sp1+LV-mNC group （P<0.01）. Compared with the shRNA-Sp1+LV-mNC group， the shRNA-Sp1+LV-miR-582-3p mimic group significantly reversed miR-582-3p expression （P<0.01）， indicating that Sp1 has a significant regulatory effect on miR-582-3p. Compared with the shRNA-Sp1+LV-mNC group， the shRNA-Sp1+LV-miR-582-3p mimic group significantly reversed cell proliferation （P<0.01）， suggesting that miR-582-3p can partially reverse the proliferative effect of Sp1 on A549 lung adenocarcinoma. Compared with the shRNA-Sp1+LV-mNC group， the shRNA-Sp1+LV-miR-582-3p mimic group showed a significant decrease in G₀/G₁ proportions， while the G₂/M and S phase proportions increased significantly （P<0.01）， indicating that miR-582-3p can partially reverse the effect of Sp1 on the A549 cell cycle. Compared with the shRNA-Sp1+LV-mNC group， the shRNA-Sp1+LV-miR-582-3p mimic group significantly reversed the expression of various proteins with the decrease of p27 and the increase of Cyclin D₁， CDK4， Cyclin E， CDK2， p-Rb， and E2F3 （P<0.01）， indicating that miR-582-3p can partially reverse the effect of Sp1 on the cell cycle of A549 lung adenocarcinoma. Compared with the blank group， the serum containing A-H significantly inhibited A549 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore， 10% A-H was selected for intervention of subsequent mechanism experiments. Compared with A-H+oe-Vector， A-H+oe-Sp1 significantly reversed the downregulation of Sp1， miR-582-3p， and the upregulation of p27 （P<0.01）. This suggests that Sp1 can partially reverse the effects of A-H on miR-582-3p and p27 levels in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. ConclusionOveractivation of the Sp1-miR-582-3p-p27 axis significantly promotes the proliferation of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells， and the potential mechanism of the inhibitory effect of A-H on the proliferation of A549 cells may be related to its inhibition on the overactivation of the Sp1-miR-582-3p-p27 axis.

Objective: To reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the compatibility of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge (S. miltiorrhiza, Dan Shen) and C. tinctorius L. (C. tinctorius, Hong Hua) as an herb pair through network pharmacology and subsequent experimental validation. Methods: Network pharmacology was applied to construct an active ingredient-efficacy target-disease protein network to reveal the unique regulation pattern of S. miltiorrhiza and C. tinctorius as herb pair. Molecular docking was used to verify the binding of the components of these herbs and their potential targets. An H9c2 glucose hypoxia model was used to evaluate the efficacy of the components and their synergistic effects, which were evaluated using the combination index. Western blot was performed to detect the protein expression of these targets. Results: Network pharmacology analysis revealed 5 pathways and 8 core targets of S. miltiorrhiza and C. tinctorius in myocardial protection. Five of the core targets were enriched in the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway. S. miltiorrhiza-C. tinctorius achieved vascular tone mainly by regulating the target genes of the HIF-1 pathway. As an upstream gene of the HIF-1 pathway, STAT3 can be activated by the active ingredients cryptotanshinone (Ctan), salvianolic acid B (Sal. B), and myricetin (Myric). Cell experiments revealed that Myric, Sal. B, and Ctan also exhibited synergistic myocardial protective activity. Molecular docking verified the strong binding of Myric, Sal. B, and Ctan to STAT3. Western blot further showed that the active ingredients synergistically upregulated the protein expression of STAT3. Conclusion The pharmacodynamic transmission analysis revealed that the active ingredients of S. miltiorrhiza and C. tinctorius can synergistically resist ischemia through various targets and pathways. This study provides a methodological reference for interpreting traditional Chinese medicine compatibility.

Objective:To investigate the risk factors for lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with bone trauma and their diagnostic efficacy.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 108 patients with bone trauma who were admitted to Affiliated Changzhou Second People′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from October 2023 to February 2024, including 61 males and 47 females, aged 17-96 years [(55.2±19.5)years]. Based on the results of color Doppler ultrasonography of lower extremities within 96 hours on admission, the patients were divided into DVT group ( n=58) and non-DVT group ( n=50). In DVT group, 42 patients developed lower extremity DVT within 7 days after trauma and the other 16 patients developed lower extremity DVT after 7 days. Basic clinical data including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), underlying diseases, cause of injury, site of fracture, surgery and admission Caprini score, and admission laboratory test indicators including routine coagulation indicators [prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FBG) and D-dimer (D-D)] and four thrombosis indicators [plasma thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), thrombomodulin (TM), tissue-type plasminogen activator-inhibitor 1 complex (tPAIC) and plasmin-alpha2-plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC)] were collected in the two groups. Univariate analysis and multivariate binary Logistic regression analysis were conducted to investigate the correlation between these indicators and incidence of lower extremity DVT in patients with bone trauma and determine the independent risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) of the relevant risk factors were analyzed to evaluate and compare the diagnostic efficacy of the factors for lower extremity DVT in patients with bone trauma and further assess the diagnostic efficacy of the factors for lower extremity DVT within 7 days after bone trauma. Results:Univariate analysis revealed significant correlations of gender, age, Caprini score, D-D, TAT, TM and PIC with incidence of lower extremity DVT in patients with bone trauma ( P<0.01). The results of multivariate binary Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that Caprini score ( OR=1.36, 95% CI 1.12, 1.65, P<0.01), TAT ( OR=1.05, 95% CI 1.00, 1.10, P<0.05), and TM ( OR=1.34, 95% CI 1.02, 1.77, P<0.05) were significantly correlated to incidence of lower extremity DVT in patients with bone trauma. ROC curve analysis indicated that TAT (AUC=0.76, 95% CI 0.67, 0.86) had the highest diagnostic efficiency, followed by TM (AUC=0.72, 95% CI 0.62, 0.81) and Caprini score (AUC=0.72, 95% CI 0.62, 0.82). The combined analysis of all the factors effectively enhanced the diagnostic efficiency for DVT (AUC=0.84, 95% CI 0.77, 0.92). Additionally, TAT (AUC=0.81, 95% CI 0.71, 0.91) demonstrated better diagnostic efficacy for lower extremity DVT within 7 days after bone trauma compared with the Caprini score (AUC=0.72, 95% CI 0.61, 0.83) and TM (AUC=0.71, 95% CI 0.60, 0.83). Similarly, the combined analysis of all the factors also effectively enhanced the overall diagnostic efficacy for lower extremity DVT within 7 days after bone trauma (AUC=0.85, 95% CI 0.77, 0.93). Conclusions:Caprini score, TAT and TM are identified as independent risk factors for lower extremity DVT in patients with bone trauma, and all the three factors demonstrate good diagnostic efficacy. Their combination is found to have statistically significant higher diagnostic efficiency than each individual factor. Furthermore, TAT is proved to be the best in diagnosing lower extremity DVT within 7 days after bone trauma, while the combined analysis of all the risk factors can further improve the diagnostic efficacy.

Objective·To construct and verify the mouse model that can mimic the vitamin A deficiency(VAD)-like craniofacial skeletal deformity and do not cause embryonic death.Methods·Based on the Cre-LoxP system,the OsxCre;Rosa26dn/dn mice expressing osteoblast-specific dominant-negative retinoid acid receptor α(dnRARα)mutation were obtained by hybridization through OsxCre and Rosa26dnRARa/ddnRARa mice,to achieve the conditional inhibition of retinoic acid signaling to simulate VAD disease.Femur bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)and parietal bone cells of OsxCre;Rosa26dn/dn mice and their control littermates were isolated and underwent osteogenic induction,to assess the expression of retinoid acid receptor α(RARα)protein through Western blotting.Osteoblasts induced from parietal bone cells of OsxCre;Rosa26dn/dn mice and their control littermates were isolated and the effect of retinoic acid signaling inhibition was verified through dual luciferase gene reporter assay.Meanwhile,Ad-eGFP or Ad-Cre adenovirus-infected femur BMSCs and parietal bone cells of Rosa26dn/dnmice underwent osteogenic induction to assess the expression of dominant-negative mutant protein and the inhibition of the retinoic acid signaling pathway in vitro by Western blotting and dual luciferase gene reporter assay.Moreover,the skulls of 6-week-old OsxCre;Rosa26dn/dn mice were collected,and Micro-CT scanning and three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction were performed to verify the craniofacial skeletal deformities of the mouse model.Results·Western blotting results demonstrated that the level of RARα protein increased in the femur and parietal osteoblasts of OsxCre;Rosa26dn/dn mice compared to that of their control littermates,and also increased in the Ad-Cre-infected femur and parietal osteoblasts of Rosa26dn/dn mice compared to that in the Ad-eGFP-infected group(P＜0.05).Dualluciferase gene reporter assay results indicated that the activity of retinoid acid response element(RARE)was inhibited in the osteoblasts of OsxCre;Rosa26dn/dn mice compared to their control littermates,and was also inhibited in the Ad-Cre-infected group compared to the Ad-eGFP-infected group(P＜0.05).Micro-CT and 3D reconstruction suggested that the skull of 6-week-old OsxCre;Rosa26dn/dn mice exhibited VAD-like craniofacial skeletal deformities,including smaller size of the skull and osteogenesis imperfecta compared to their control littermates.Conclusion·An osteoblast-specific dnRARα expressing mouse model that can mimic VAD-like craniofacial skeletal deformity is successfully constructed,therefore providing a new model for exploring the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of VAD-like craniofacial skeletal deformity in the future.

Objective·To explore the effect of all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA)of different concentrations on osteogenic differentiation of jaw bone mesenchymal stem cells(jBMSCs)in rats.Methods·jBMSCs from 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were isolated and cultured with whole bone marrow adherence method.The surface antigens were identified by using flow cytometry.Alkaline phosphatase(ALP)staining/alizarin red staining,oil red O staining and alcian blue staining were used to prove the multilineage differentiation potential of jBMSCs after osteogenic,adipogenic and chondrogenic induction respectively.jBMSCs were induced in osteogenic medium with ATRA of concentration of 0.01,0.1,1,5,10,20 μmol/L in vitro,and dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)was used as control group.Cell viability of jBMSCs in different groups were determined by CCK8.ALP staining and alizarin red staining were used to investigate the osteogenic ability of jBMSCs in each group and screened the concentrations for subsequent experiments.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and immunofluorescence staining were used to analyze the expressions of osteogenesis-related genes and proteins in jBMSCs of different concentrations.Results·The flow cytometry analysis showed that more than 98%of P1 jBMSCs were positive for CD29+CD90+CD31-CD45-,which was congruent with the characteristics of bone mesenchymal stem cells.The results of ALP staining/alizarin red staining,oil red O staining and alcian blue staining indicated that the P1 jBMSCs had the multilineage differentiation potential of osteogenesis,adipogenesis and chondrogenesis.The results of ALP staining/alizarin red staining showed that the osteogenic activity and mineralization ability of jBMSCs in 0.01,0.1 and 1 μmol/L ATRA groups were increased compared with those in the control group,while the osteogenic activity and mineralization ability were decreased when the concentration of ATRA increased,especially higher than 5 μmol/L(all P<0.05).qPCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes such as Alp,bone sialoprotein(Bsp),collagen type Ⅰ α1(Col1a1)and osteocalcin(Ocn)were higher in the 0.1 and 1 μmol/L ATRA groups compared to the control group.However,further increasing the concentration of ATRA led to a decrease in gene expression levels,and when the concentration exceeded 5 μmol/L,it began to be lower than the control group level(all P<0.05).The immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression of osteogenic related proteins SP7,ALP and OCN in the 0.1 and 1 μmol/L ATRA groups were increased compared to the control group,while further increasing the concentration of ATRA led to a decrease in protein expression.When the concentration was higher than 5 μmol/L,it began to be lower than the control group level(all P<0.05).Conclusion·Lower concentrations(0.1,1 μmol/L)of ATRA can promote the osteogenic differentiation of rat jBMSCs,and the promoting effect reaches its peak at 0.1 μmol/L,while the effect can be weakened by further increasing the concentration.Higher concentrations(5,10,20 μmol/L)of ATRA could inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of rat jBMSCs,showing an inhibitory effect.In this study,the dual-directional effect of retinoic acid on osteogenic differentiation of jBMSCs was demonstrated in vitro,and 0.1 μmol/L ATRA was identified as the optimal concentration for osteogenic differentiation of jBMSCs in rats,which provided a reference basis for the development of in vivo studies and clinical application of ATRA.

Gastric ulcer is a common digestive system disease,and the long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)is the second most important cause.NSAID-induced gastric ulcer animal models are key experimental tools for studying the pathogenesis,corresponding treatment method,and effective mechanisms of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.However,there are currently a lack of reviews on NSAID-induced gastric ulcer animal models.This review summarizes and compares the relevant literature on animal research into indomethacin-and aspirin-induced gastric ulcers in the past 10 years,including the selection of experimental animals,drug solvents,and specific modeling method.The limitations of current models,such as the cumbersome modeling method,incomplete modeling details,inadequate models for clinical use,and lack of comparative drug research,are discussed.Feasible solutions are proposed with the aim of providing an effective reference for research in this field.

【Objective】 This study aims to summarize the hotspots of acupuncture research in China and abroad in recent 10 years. 【Methods】 The core collection of Web of Science was retrieved, and the literature on experimental and clinical research of acupuncture in China and abroad was collected from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2021. The included literature was visually analyzed using CiteSpace 6.1.R3. Statistical analysis was carried out in the annual number of papers, authors, countries, and journals. According to the author's country, the literature was divided into Chinese and global categories for keywords clustering analysis and co-citation references analysis independently to obtain hotspots and trends in acupuncture research. 【Results】 There are 1 215 articles in acupuncture experimental medicine, 3 805 articles in acupuncture clinical medicine in China; 551 articles in acupuncture experimental medicine, and 4 538 articles in acupuncture clinical medicine abroad. The number of articles on acupuncture abroad remains stable and flat, whereas the annual number of domestic papers shows a continuously growth trend. LIU Cunzhi from Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University in China is the author who has published the most articles in the field of acupuncture in the recent decade. China is the most productive country in publishing such research articles. Evidence-based Comprehensive and Alternative Medicine is the journal with the most published articles. The mechanisms of acupuncture on nerve regeneration or nerve recovery and research on the mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia are hotspots in experimental acupuncture research, and the treatment of neuropathic pain and dysfunctional diseases with acupuncture are hotspots in clinical acupuncture research in China. Research on the mechanism of protection of the cardiovascular system by acupuncture and research on the mechanism of analgesia by acupuncture are hotspots in experimental research on acupuncture abroad. Studies on the amelioration of inflammatory pain and psychological or psychiatric disorders by acupuncture also serve as hotspots in clinical research on acupuncture abroad. 【Conclusion】 Acupuncture research in China focuses on the treatment of internal diseases and visceral pain, while acupuncture research abroad concentrates on the alleviation and improvement of cancer and psychological and mental diseases. Treatment of internal diseases and mental diseases with acupuncture is the trend of future research.

Cancer toxin is the key pathogenesis of malignant tumors. The basic principle of cancer treatment is “dispelling pathogen and resolving toxins， reinforcing healthy qi and reinforcing the foundation”. As one of the “eight methods of anticancer and detoxification”， the counteracting toxin with toxin therapy is a commonly used clinical treatment of malignant tumors. This paper discussed the method of counteracting toxin with toxin and its application in the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors from the aspects of history tracing， academic connotation， application principles and clinical application. Toxic Chinese medicinals with anticancer function are required to eliminate cancer toxins based on the principles of excessive cancer toxicity and plentiful healthy qi， as well as in accordance with the various stages and classifications of tumors， thereby improving the theoretical connotation of the method of counteracting toxin with toxin， and promoting the popularization and application of the pathogenesis theory of cancer toxin in the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors.