Objective This study was to understand the structure characteristics of prophages in the genome of Enterococcus hirae R17,and also to analyze their interaction relationships with the host bacterium.Methods The gene distribution and gene encoding characteristics of prophages in the genome of Enterococcus hirae R17 were identified using the PHAST software.The virulence gene,antimicrobial resistance genes,and environmental resistance genes in the prophages were also analyzed.Results Three prophages were found on the chromosome of Enterococcus hirae,including two incomplete prophage elements (Prophage-1 and Prophage-2) and one complete prophage (Prophage-3).Some function genes of bacteria were found in the sequence of three prophages,including nucleotide transportation and metabolism related genes.One incomplete prophage carrying erythromycin-and bacitracin-resistance genes was identified in the plasmid,which suggested that prophage induced gene horizontal transfer caused erythromycin-and bacitracin-resistance of Enterococcus hirae R17.Conclusion This study laid a solid foundation for the diversity analysis of prophages of Enterococcus hirae.Prophages played an important role in promotion of antimicrobial resistance of enterococci.Scientists should pay more attention to the spread of antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity induced by prophages.

Objective:To analyze the public demands for information about congenital birth defects in “Baidu zhidao” based on word frequency retrieval.Methods:Based on discussion between obstetrics and gynecology experts and epidemiological experts, the key words related to congenital birth defects were determined and the search strategy was formulated. Python 2.7 was used for web crawler search. Questions related to congenital birth defects were obtained on the “Baidu zhidao” platform, and then the R 4.0.2 software was used to process the data, complete the semantic analysis of keywords and statistical analysis of word frequency, and draw word cloud graph and polar chart to describe the key results.Results:A total of 16668 non-repetitive questions were retrieved from “Baidu zhidao” platform, and the frequency of semantic words was 15 371. Among them, 35.02% were the names and symptoms of congenital birth defects. In addition, the frequency of congenital heart disease was the highest (26.09%). The results of subject analysis of key words of birth defects showed that the average word frequency of diagnosis and treatment semantic words (49.55) was significantly higher than that of etiology and prevention semantic words (12.47). In addition, the key words of examination, cause, treatment, development and heredity were more frequently used in the semantic words related to the seven types of systemic malformations.Conclusion:The public in China has a high demand for information on congenital birth defect related diseases, and their causes, prevention and treatment, especially congenital heart disease.

The expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) and its relationship to apoptosis in tissues around cerebral bleeding loci was studied. The expression of HIF-1alpha and apoptosis in 37 samples of tissues around cerebral bleeding loci and 9 samples of normal cerebral tissues was assessed by immunohistochemical straining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling methods. In 37 tissue samples around cerebral bleeding loci, the positive rate of the HIF-1alpha expression was 40.6%. Especially in the patients with amount of bleeding >60 ml, the positive rate (88.9%) of the HIF-1alpha expression was significantly higher than those with the amount of bleeding ranging from 30-45 ml or 45-60 ml (P<0.05). The expression of HIF-1alpha was increased as the amount of bleeding and operative time increased (P<0.05). There existed a positive correlation between HIF-1alpha labeling index and apoptosis index (n=12, r=0.56, P<0.01). These results suggested that the expression of HIF-1alpha was closely related with the time of hemorrhage and the amount of bleeding, and could induce the apoptosis of neurons.
Adult ; Aged ; Apoptosis ; physiology ; Brain ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cerebral Hemorrhage ; metabolism ; pathology ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neurons ; pathology ; Nuclear Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors ; biosynthesis ; genetics

Objective: To evaluate health risks of five heavy metals in drinking water of rural schools in Henan Province, so as to provide scientific basis for drinking water safety in rural schools. Methods: Totally 1 269 drinking water samples were collected and analyzed for five heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr 6+ , Pb, Hg) concentration in 106 cities and counties of Henan Province, and its spatial distribution characteristics were explored by geographic information system (GIS). Risk assessment method recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) was applied to evaluate health risks from five heavy metals through oral ingestion. Results: The qualified rate of As concentration was 100%, and the qualified rates of Cd, Cr 6+ , Pb and Hg were 99.9% , 99.9%, 99.5%, 99.6%. The highest carcinogenic risk was As (3.05×10 -5 ), followed by Cr 6+ (2.73×10 -5 ), and the highest non carcinogenic risk was As (0.158 3), followed by Pb(0.041 7). The carcinogenic risk and non carcinogenic risk were all higher in girls than boys. The carcinogenic and non carcinogenic risks were differences in different regions( P <0.05). Conclusion Health risks of five heavy metals in drinking water for rural schools in Henan Province were within the acceptable risk level recommended by EPA. As, Cr 6+ and Pb were the main health risk factors in drinking water, and that might impact negatively the healthy growth of primary and middle school students. These should be future efforts of drinking water safety management.

Objective: To study the effects of atmospheric fine particulate pollution on the lung function of primary school students before and after heating during the winter in Zhengzhou. Methods: In Zhengzhou, two areas with low and high level of PM 2.5 pollution(A and B), were selected as monitoring points from 2016 to 2018. Each monitoring station selected one elementary school within around 1 km and used a cluster random sampling method to extract students from grades 3 to 5 as the research subjects. Lung function tests were conducted before and after heating in winter, and mass concentration of PM 2.5 were recorded daily and compared to those recorded one month prior. Results: The average daily mass concentration of PM 2.5 were 74 μg/m 3 and 92 μg/m 3 in the light pollution monitoring points A and the heavy pollution monitoring points B, which exceeded the standard for 97 and 126 days, respectively. The FVC and FEV1.0 indexes for the first test of male students before heating were higher than those for the second test from 2016-2018 (P<0.05). Except in 2016,the FVC and FEV1.0 indexes for the first test of female students were also higher than those for the second test (P<0.05). After stratified by sex,multivariate linear regression showed that PM 2.5 was associated with lung function as measured by the FEV1.0, PEF, FEF25 and FEF75 values of the students were negatively correlated (B=-0.13--0.07,-0.13--0.08,P<0.05). Conclusion Fine particulate air pollution before and after heating during the winter in Zhengzhou had different effects on the lung function of primary school students. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the respiratory health protection of primary school students in winter to protect their health.

Objective Summarize and share the working practice of Investigator Research Ethics and Research Integrity Training conducted at Peking University Human Research Protection Program (PKU HRPP) ,to further explore continuing quality improvement of investigator ethical training at university level .Methods Conduct systematic review of the archiving files of PKU HRPP investigator training activities during 2012-2018 ,summarize feedback information from investigators to i-dentify possible experiences for sharing and space for improvement .Results There are some positive experiences for sharing a-bout the training mechanism and practices at PKU HRPP .Conclusions Based on the previous ethical training work and experi-ences at PKU HRPP ,possible proposals for continuing quality improvement may including :strengthening the requirements of ethical training of investigators ,encouraging and recognizing ethical training conducted by research teams ,emphasizing training Quality and the promotion of sharing and mutual recognition mechanisms for ethical training .

BACKGROUNDMost stage IIIB (T4/N3) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can not be cured via operation, but how is the outcome for those with T4 or occasionally N3 which can be completely resected? This paper retrospectively analyses the effects of the tumor characteristics and postoperative treatments on the survival of 51 patients with stage IIIB NSCLC completely resected in this hospital from January 1, 1997 to April 30, 2001.

METHODSThe effects of clinical pathophysiological characteristics such as gender, histological type, differentiation, T-stage and lymph node status and the postoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy on the prognosis of 51 patients with completely resected stage IIIB NSCLC were retrospectively analysed.

RESULTSThere were no statistic survival differences in the disease characteristics such as the different gender (Log rank=0.992, P=0.319), histological types (Log rank=1.263, P=0.260), differentiation (Log rank=1.104, P=0.577), T-stage (Log rank=0.106, P=0.588) and lymph node status (Log rank=1.297, P=0.731), also no difference between groups whether or not there was postoperative mediastinal radiotherapy (Log rank=0.482, P=0.488) or postoperative chemotherapy (Log rank=0.051, P=0.759).

CONCLUSIONSNeither the tumor characteristics such as gender, histological type, differentiation, T-stage and N-stage, nor the postoperative mediastinal radiotherapy or chemotherapy affect the survival of stage IIIB NSCLC with complete resection.

OBJECTIVESTo identify predictors of survival following pneumonectomy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and provide evidence for the revision of patient selection criteria.

METHODS81 cases of pneumonectomy for NSCLC from January 1990 to May 1996 at our hospital were reviewed retrospectively. There were 65 men (80.2%) and 16 women (19.8%), with a mean age 53.4 +/- 9.4 years (range 20 - 68 years). Predominant histological types included squamous cell carcinoma (54.3%), adenocarcinoma (24.7%), and squamoadenocarcinoma (17.3%). After follow-up for more than 5 years, data were examined using the chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox-mantel test. The possible factors affecting survival were tested with univariate and multivariate analysis.

RESULTSThe 5-year survival of N(0), N(1) and N(2) disease of NSCLC following pneumonectomy was (20.8 +/- 9.9)%, (15.4 +/- 10.0)% and (4.0 +/- 2.8)%, respectively. There was no perioperative death. The operative complications morbidity was 22.2%. Factors adversely affecting survival with univariate analysis included age over 60 years for right pneumonectomy, cardiopulmonary complications, adenocarcinoma, peripheral location, tumor greatest dimension more than 10 cm, chest wall involvement and N(2) disease. Factors adversely affecting survival with multivariate analysis included cardiopulmonary complications, greatest tumor dimension more than 10 cm, chest wall involvement and N(2) disease.

CONCLUSIONSPneumonectomy provides survival benefit with a high operative complications morbidity. Old age (>/= 60 years) for right pneumonectomy, cardiopulmonary complications, adenocarcinoma, and N(2) disease may be negative prognostic factors of long-term survival. Patient selection should be based on cardiopulmonary evaluation and the stage of disease.

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; mortality ; pathology ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; mortality ; pathology ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Pneumonectomy ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

Objective To investigate maternal awareness and knowledge of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and their compliance with polysomnography monitoring in snoring gravidas.Methods This study enrolled 589 volunteered gravidas who were treated at the 908th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force or Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jiangxi Province from April 2016 to April 2017.The maternal knowledge of OSAS (0 point:complete lack of knowledge of OSAS;1 to 4 points:with partial knowledge of OSAS;5 points:correct understanding of OSAS) and the way of obtaining this knowledge were studied using a self-designed questionnaire.Influencing factors,including gestational weeks,educational background,snoring and high-risk pregnancy,were also analyzed.Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.Results The 589 gravidas had few knowledge of OSAS and only 11 of them [1.9％ (11/589)] were able to fully understand OSAS (5 points).The proportion of women who were completely lack the knowledge of OSAS (0 point) in those less-educated women was higher than in those well-educated group [61.9％ (78/126) vs 52.0％ (241/463),x2=3.873,P=0.049].Among the gravidas who were unaware of their snoring condition,those completely lack the knowledge of OSAS (0 point) accounted for 67.0％ (209/312),which was higher than the percentage among gravidas knowing they had or did not have snoring problem [35.6％ (21/59),40.8％ (89/218);x2=20.755,35.687;both P＜0.017].There was no significant difference in OSAS awareness among gravidas regardless of their gestations and whether they were classified as high-risk or not (all P＞0.05).Of 59 gravidas with snoring,only 15 (25.4％) accepted polysomnography monitoring.Eight out of the 589 gravidas (1.4％) were diagnosed with OSAS during pregnancy.Conclusions Gravidas have poor knowledge and awareness of OSAS,especially those with low educational background and not knowing their snoring condition,resulting in poor compliance with polysornnography monitoring and low diagnostic rate of OSAS during pregnancy.

Hepatolithiasis is a common biliary tract disease in China and other Asian countries.It has insidious onset,recurrent disease,and may lead to biliary cirrhosis or even cancer in the late stage without inter-vention.At present,surgery is considered to be the best choice for treatment.In the 21st century of minimally inva-sive surgery,traditional procedures such as partial hepatectomy,choledochotomy,cholangioenterostomy and liver transplantation can be performed with the assistance of laparoscopy and da Vinci robots,and emerging endoscopic techniques such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)and percutaneous transhepatic cho-ledochoscopic lithotripsy(PTCSL)have also been developed,bringing better treatment for patients with hepatoli-thiasis.As treatment options are becoming more varied,there are also some clinical problems that need to be addressed.In this article,we would like to briefly review the current surgical treatment modalities in order to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the treatment modalities.