Objective:To investigate the cleaning status of silicone oil attached ophthalmic surgical instruments in China, so as to provide reference and suggestions for the standard cleaning process of silicone oil attached ophthalmic surgical instruments.Methods:61 hospitals in 22 provinces (regions, municipality) in China were selected as the objects of investigation. The on-site treatment, pretreatment and routine cleaning of silicone oil attached ophthalmic surgical instruments were investigated by questionnaire from November 2019 to January 2020.Results:18.033% (11/61) hospitals had mixed silicone oil attached ophthalmic surgical instruments and other instruments intraoperatively, 11.475% (7/61) hospitals didn′t wipe silicone oil and other visible contaminants postoperatively. 18.033% (11/61) hospitals didn′t carry out pretreatment and 4.000% (2/50) hospitals used saline as pretreatment solution; 54.098% (33/61) hospitals were involved in ultrasonic cleaning. 32.787% (20/61) hospitals had water temperature 31-37 ℃ and 4.918% (3/61) hospitals had water temperature>37 ℃during the cleaning process; During pretreatment and routine cleaning, 38.000% (19/50) hospitals and 54.902% (28/51) hospitals selected enzymatic detergent respectively, the contact time between instruments and detergent in specialized hospital was more standardized than that in general hospital ( P<0.001); In flushing, rinsing and final rinsing, there were 29.412% (15/51) hospitals, 11.765% (6/51) hospitals and 3.922% (2/51) hospitals used water that didn′t meet the requirements. 17.647% (9/51) hospitals, 13.725% (7/51) hospitals and 13.725% (7/51) hospitals didn′t record the time of flushing, rinsing and final rinsing. Conclusions:There are still some problems in the cleaning of silicone oil attached ophthalmic surgical instruments in specialized and general hospitals, such as no on-site treatment and pretreatment, improper control of cleaning parameters, and difficulty in ensuring water quality and water time. It is necessary to formulate the cleaning process specification of silicone oil attached ophthalmic surgical instruments as soon as possible to ensure the cleaning quality and avoid the occurrence of postoperative eye complications.

Background::Previous studies have reported associations of specific maternal and paternal lifestyle factors with offspring’s cognitive development during early childhood. This study aimed to investigate the prospective associations between overall parental lifestyle and offspring’s cognitive performance during adolescence and young adulthood in China.Methods::We included 2531 adolescents aged 10-15 years at baseline in 2010 from the China Family Panel Studies. A healthy parental lifestyle score (ranged 0-5) was constructed based on the following five modifiable lifestyle factors: Smoking, drinking, exercise, sleep, and diet. Generalized estimating equation models were used to examine the association between baseline parental healthy lifestyle scores and offspring’s fluid and crystallized intelligence in subsequent years (2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018).Results::Offspring in the top tertile of parental healthy lifestyle scores performed better in overall fluid intelligence (multivariable-adjusted β = 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.29-0.77) and overall crystallized intelligence (multivariable-adjusted β = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.16-0.54) than those in the bottom tertile of parental healthy lifestyle scores. The results were similar after further adjustment for the offspring’s healthy lifestyle scores and persisted across the subgroups of parental socioeconomic status. Additionally, maternal and paternal healthy lifestyle scores were independently associated with better offspring’s cognitive performance, with significant contribution observed for paternal never-smoking, weekly exercise, and diversified diet. When both parents and offspring adhered to a healthier lifestyle, we observed the highest level of the offspring’s overall crystallized intelligence. Conclusions::Our study indicates that parental adherence to a healthier lifestyle is associated with significantly better offspring’s cognitive performance during adolescence and early adulthood, regardless of socioeconomic status. These findings highlight the potential cognitive benefits of promoting healthy lifestyles among parents of adolescents.

OBJECTIVE： To optimize the extraction technology of the flavonoids from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. METHODS： Using total contents of four flavonoids， liquiritinapioside， glycyrrhizin， isoliquiritin apioside and formononetin as indexes， types and volume fractions of extraction solvents （water， ethanol）， volume of addition and extraction time as factors， based on single factor experiment， Box-Behnken design-response surface method was used to optimize the extraction technology of flavonoids from G. uralensis. Validation test was also conducted. RESULTS： The optimal extraction technology was 50 mL 50％ ethanol as extraction solvent， 0.200 g G. uralensis， ultrasonic extraction for 50 min. In validation test， the extraction amounts of liquiritinapioside， glycyrrhizin， isoliquiritin apioside and formononetin were 10.733 0， 27.784 9， 3.441 9， 0.429 1 mg/g， respectively （all RSDs＜3.0％， n＝3）. The average total extraction amount of four flavonoids was obtained was 42.388 9 mg/g， the relative error of which to predicted value （42.173 2 mg/g） was 0.52％ （n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS： The optimized extraction technology is simple， rapid and stable， and can be used for the extraction of flavonoids from G. uralensis.