Cho and So studied, with horseradish peroxidase retrograde tracing technique, the initial delay time and the rate of regrowth of damaged retinal ganglion cell axons regenerating into the autologous sciatic nerve implanted into the retinae in adult hamsters. This is the only report, to our knowledge, on the rate of regeneration of damaged central neuron axons. The present experiment tackles this issue using autologous sciatic nerve transplantation into the dorsal horn of the damaged spinal cord in adult rats, a model introduced by David and Aguayo, and visualized the regenerating axons with anti-neurofilament monoclonal antibody immunohistochemical method. Our results are as follows: the minimum initial delay time of the regenerating spinal axons in peripheral nerve grafts is 4 days. After which axons continue to regrow into the grafts within a definite period, suggesting different initial delay time for different regenerating axons. The regenerating spinal axons differ in their rate of regrowth, the fastest rate being 2.14 mm/d.

Objective: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers and the major cause of cancer death in China. The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of CRC in China. Materials and methods: Data from the National Cancer Center (NCC) of China was used and stratified by area (urban/rural), sex (male/female) for analyzing the age-specific incidence and mortality rates. Time trend of colorectal cancer was calculated based on the 22 high-quality cancer registries in China. National new cases and deaths of colorectal cancer were estimated using age-specific rates multiplied by the corresponding national population in 2014. The Chinese population in 2000 and Segi's world population were used to calculate age-standardized rates of colorectal cancer in China. Results: Overall, 370,400 new colorectal cancer cases and 179,600 deaths were estimated in China in 2014, with about 214,100 new cases in men and 156,300 in women. Meanwhile, 104,000 deaths cases of colorectal cancer were men and 75,600 deaths were women, which accounted for 9.74％ and 7.82％ of all cancer incidence and deaths in China, separately. Relatively higher incidence and mortality was observed in urban areas of China. And the Eastern areas of China showed the highest incidence and mortality. The age-standardized incidence and mortality rate of colorectal cancer has increased by about 1.9％ per year for incidence and about 0.9％ per year for mortality rate from 2000 to 2014. Conclusion: With gradually higher incidence and mortality rate in the past 15 years, colorectal cancer became a major challenge to China's public health. Effective control strategies are needed in China.

Objective: To analyze the trend of cancer incidence and age changes among men in cancer registration areas of China from 2000 and 2014. Methods: We select the information of national cancer registry with continuous data from 2000 to 2014, review and organize the monitoring data at the above registries. A total of 22 monitoring registries were included in this study. The covering population of male were about 314 330 648 person years. The information on the incidence of all male prostate cancer patients with C61 was extracted from the International Classification of Diseases-10^th Revision (ICD-10). To understand the incidence of male prostate cancer in each year, the age-standardized rate by Chinese population (ASR), average annual percent change (AAPC), adjusted mean age at onset were calculated. Incidence rates stratified by regions and age groups were also calculated. The linear regression model was employed to analyze the relationship between mean age at onset and year. Results: The prostate cancer incidence in China increased by 11.5% (95%CI: 10.3%-12.7%) from 2000(4.62/100 000) to 2014(21.62/100 000), the age-standardized incidence rate increased by 7.1% (95%CI: 6.0%-8.1%) and the growth of rural was greater than that of urban. The age-specific incidence showed that the incidence rate increased significantly among the age group of 50 years; the incidence rates in men who have the same age but with different birth years showed a significant increase as birth years increased. The adjusted mean age at diagnosis of prostate cancer in cancer registry areas was 74.09 years old in the year of 2000, reduced by 0.13 year old to 72.35 years old in 2014 (β=-0.13, P<0.001). The adjusted mean age at onset declined significantly over time in urban areas (β=-0.13, P<0.001). Conclusion The trend of prostate cancer incidence among men in cancer registry regions generally increased, and the average age at diagnosis declined slightly from 2000 to 2014.

Objective: To estimate the incidence trend and change in the age distribution of female breast cancer in cancer registry areas in China from 2000 to 2014. Methods: 22 cancer registries in China with continuous monitoring data from 2000 to 2014 were selected. All datasets were checked and evaluated based on data quality control criteria and were included in the analysis. The cancer registries covered 675 954 193 person-years, including 342 010 930 person-years of male and 333 943 263 person-years of female. Female breast cancer cases (International Classification of Diseases-10^th Revision: C50) were extracted. Crude incidence rate (CR), age-standardized incidence rate by Chinese standard population(ASIRC), annual percent change (APC), crude and adjusted mean age at onset were calculated. Incidence rates stratified by regions and age groups were calculated. Results: Female breast cancer incidence rate significantly increased from 31.90/100 000 in 2000 to 63.30/100 000 in 2014. Incidence rate increased rapidly from 2000 to 2008 (CR: APC=6.5%, 95%CI: 5.3%-7.8%; ASIRC: APC=4.6%, 95%CI: 3.6%-5.7%). Its increment slowed down from 2008-2014 (CR: APC=3.2%, 95%CI: 1.4%-5.1%; ASIRC: APC=1.4%, 95%CI:-0.1%-2.9%). The crude mean age at onset increased from 54.4 in 2000 to 57.0 in 2014. Adjusted mean age at onset remained around 54.3 in 2014. Crude mean age at onset increased significantly over time in all registry areas (β=0.192, P<0.001), urban (β=0.205, P<0.001) and rural (β=0.092, P=0.014) areas, while adjusted mean age at onset remained stable in all registry areas (β=0.009, P=0.289), urban (β=0.017, P=0.139) and rural (β=-0.054, P=0.109) areas. Conclusion Female breast cancer incidence rate in China increased from 2000 to 2014. Aging of the population resulted in a significant increase in crude mean age at onset. After age adjustment, no significant changes in age distribution were found.

Objective: To analyze the trends of cancer incidence and age changes in China with using cancer registration data, and to provide evidence for the development of cancer prevention and control. Methods: Twenty-two cancer registries with continuous (2000-2014) data were selected. The incidence of different sex and regional population, the standardized incidence rate by Chinese population, the average annual change percentage (AAPC) and annual change percentage(APC) were calculated. Age-period-cohort model were used to analyze the changes of cancer incidence, age-adjusted mean ages. The age-standardized proportion of 2000 and 2014 with were compared. Results: The cancer incidence in China increased by 3.9% (95%CI: 3.7%-4.1%) from 2000 to 2014 in APC, and the age-standardized incidence rate increased by 1.2% (95%CI: 1.0%-1.4%) in AAPC. The age-specific incidence showed that each age groups increased significantly in female, ranged between 0.9% to 6.0%. The APC in male aged from 60 years old showed decline trend, the APC in 60-69, 70-79, ≥80 years old were -0.2, -0.3, -0.3, while in the population aged 0-29, 30-39 years old increased dramatically, APC were 3.5, 2.0. Female under 60 also increased, and APC in 0-29, 30-39, 40-49, 0-59 years old were 5.7, 6.0, 3.4, 2.9, respectively. The mean age of patients diagnosed with cancer were increased during the past 15 years, with about 0.11 years per year increased. However, the mean age of the patients diagnosed with cancer showed decreased trend by 0.13 years after age structure adjusted. Conclusion The trend of mean age for cancer incidence in China were getting younger than before, and the trend in women is more obviously than in man.

Purpose To investigate the diagnostic value of 18F-FDOPA PET/CT imaging and semi-quantitative analysis platform for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease(PD).Materials and Methods There were 27 healthy controls and 56 clinically diagnosed PD patients,including 33 early PD(Hoehn-Yahr class Ⅰ-Ⅱ)and 23 advanced PD(Hoehn-Yahr class Ⅲ-Ⅳ),underwent 18F-FDOPA PET imaging in Nanjing First Hospital,Nanjing Medical University were consecutively enrolled from January 2018 to December 2019.The striatal to occipital ratio(SORs)in radioactivity was calculated by HERMES BRASS platform,thereby completing the semi-quantitative analysis of the brain based on regions of interest and observing the asymmetry of the striatal subregions in early-stage PD and late-stage PD patients.Using artificial intelligence techniques to perform principal component analysis on the SORs of the striatal subregions in PD group and healthy control group,the degree of data aggregation and the distinguishability between groups were observed.Results The SORs was significantly reduced in the whole caudate,anterior,posterior putamen and striatum of advanced PD patients(t=9.02-11.72,P<0.000 1).The area under the curve was 0.952,0.973,0.995 and 0.982,respectively.Compared with the healthy control group,the loss of striatal asymmetry index(mean)in each subregion of the striatum in early PD group was caudate(7.61±5.50)%,anterior putamen(11.43±8.97)%,posterior putamen(17.17±11.63)%,and whole striatum(10.65±7.46)%,respectively.The uptake of 18F-FDOPA in the striatum of PD patients was significantly reduced,and the most obvious loss of early PD patients was contralateral posterior putamen,with a decrease of 34%.Conclusion The platform semi-quantitative analysis of 18F-FDOPA PET/CT images provides objective semi-quantitative values for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of PD.Asymmetry in the striatum,especially in the putamen,may be an important parameter for early diagnosis of PD..

Objective To investigate the type and consumption of sanitary insecticides used in Putuo District of Shanghai， determine the current resistance of Aedes albopictus to the insecticides， and explore the causes of regional variations in insecticide resistance spectrum. Methods Public and private institutions of pest control operation were investigated on the use of sanitary insecticides. Dipping method and tube method were used to measure the insecticide resistance of Aedes albopictus， including larvae and adults. Results The main insecticides used in residential areas and governmental units was β-cypermethrin， while that in markets and public environment was propoxur. In addition， and the insecticides in dengue control program was λ-cyhalothrin. Aedes albopictus larvae had medium resistance to parathion， and were sensitive to propoxur， with insignificant change within three years. Their resistance to permethrin and deltamethrin was medium and high， respectively. Moreover， resistance to β-cypermethrin increased over years. In contrast， resistance of adult Aedes albopictus differed by area， except consistently being sensitive to fenitrothion. Conclusion Multiple sanitary insecticides have been used in Putuo District. In addition， Aedes albopictus has different resistance to these insecticides by area. It suggests that resistance surveillance should be promoted， which may be crucial for scientific application of insecticides and impede the development of potential resistance.

Background Aedes albopictus is the dominant mosquito species in residential areas in Shanghai. There are many types of small containers with accumulated water in residential areas, providing a large number of breeding environments for Aedes alpopicuts and leading to an increasing transmission risk of mosquito-borne diseases. Objective To use random forest to predict breeding of Aedes mosquitoes in small aquatic container habitat in two concentrated reconstruction communities of rural areas in Shanghai, and to understand associated influence of environmental factors on the breeding of Aedes mosquitoes in the process of urbanization.Methods Small-scale habitat surveys of Aedes mosquitoes were carried out in two suburb concentrated reconstruction communities (Community A and B) in Shanghai, and the environment where the habitat was located was recorded and analyzed in both communities. The habitat where eggs, larvae, or pupae were found was recorded as positive. Spatial weight matrix was applied on a household basis, and global Moran's I index was used to carry out spatial autocorrelation analysis on the small-scale habitat and positive habitat in the environment of the two communities. When Moran's I is greater than 0, it means that the data present a positive spatial correlation; when Moran's I is less than 0, it means that the data are spatially negatively correlated; when Moran's I is 0, the spatial distribution is random. Combining the results of P and Z values, we explored the spatial distribution characteristics of small-scale habitat and positive habitat in the community environment. Random forest algorithm in machine learning was used to classify and sort environmental-related factors, and predict the breeding of Aedes mosquitoes in small aquatic habitat; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to carry out model fitting evaluation. Results The environmental factors including building location (χ²=23.35, P<0.001), open space (χ²=8.83, P=0.003), and having trees (χ²=11.02, P=0.001) had a significant impact on the positive rate of small-scale habitat. The results of spatial characteristics analysis showed that the global Moran's I index of small-scale habitat was −0.092 (Z=−1.09, P=0.274) in Community A and 0.034 (Z=0.52, P=0.602) in Community B, and the global Moran's I index of positive habitat was −0.092 (Z=−1.14, P=0.255) in Community A and 0.070 (Z=0.95, P=0.342) in Community B. Since the P values of Community A and B were greater than 0.1 and the Z values were between −1.65 and 1.65, for both small-scale habitat and positive habitat the spatial characteristics were randomly distributed and no significant spatial aggregation was found. In the fitted random forest algorithm classification prediction model with the top 10 characteristic factors of importance, the area under curve (AUC) value was 0.95, and the prediction fitting effect was satisfactory. The results of classification and sorting indicated that counts of household small-scale habitat and positive habitat were the most important factors for breeding. Conclusion The random forest model constructed by environmental factor indicators can be used to predict the breeding situation of Aedes mosquitoes in small-scale aquatic habitat, and provide a basis for scientific prevention and control of mosquito breeding for the target area.

Objective: To estimate the incidence and mortality of female breast cancer in China based on the cancer registration data in 2014, collected by the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR), and to provide support data for breast cancer prevention and control in China. Methods: There were 449 cancer registries submitting female breast cancer incidence and deaths data occurred in 2014 to NCCR. After evaluating the data quality, 339 registries′ data were accepted for analysis and stratified by areas (urban/rural) and age group. Combined with data on national population in 2014, the nationwide incidence and mortality of female breast cancer were estimated. Chinese population census in 2000 and Segi′s population were used for age-standardized incidence/mortality rates. Results: Qualified 339 cancer registries covered a total of 288 243 347 populations (144 061 915 in urban and 144 181 432 in rural areas) in 2014. The morphology verified cases (MV%) accounted for 87.42% and 0.59% of incident cases were identified through death certifications only (DCO%), with mortality to incidence ratio of 0.24. The estimates of new breast cancer cases were about 278 900 in China in 2014, accounting for 16.51% of all new cases in female. The crude incidence rate, age-standardized rate of incidence by Chinese standard population (ASRIC), and age-standardized rate of incidence by world standard population (ASRIW) of breast cancer were 41.82/100 000, 30.69/100 000, and 28.77/100 000, respectively, with a cumulative incidence rate (0-74 age years old) of 3.12%. The crude incidence rates and ASRIC in urban areas were 49.94 per 100 000 and 34.85 per 100 000, respectively, whereas those were 31.72 per 100 000 and 24.89 per 100 000 in rural areas. The estimates of breast cancer deaths were about 66 000 in China in 2014, accounting for 7.82% of all the cancer-related deaths in female. The crude mortality rate, age-standardized rate of mortality by Chinese standard population(ASRMC) and age-standardized rate of mortality by world standard population (ASRMW) of breast cancer were 9.90/100 000, 6.53/100 000, and 6.35/100 000, respectively, with a cumulative mortality rate of 0.69%. The crude mortality rates and ASRMC in urban areas were 11.48 per 100 000 and 7.04 per 100 000, respectively, whereas those were 7.93 per 100 000 and 5.79 per 100 000 in rural areas. The incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer were higher in areas than those in rural areas. The age-specific incidence rates of breast cancer increased greatly after 20 years old and peaked at the age group of 55-60. The age-specific mortality rates increased rapidly with age, particularly after 25 years old. They remained at a relative stable level from 55 to 65 years of age, and then increased dramatically and peaked in the age group of 85 and above. Conclusions Breast cancer is still one of the most common malignant tumor threatening to famale health in China. The disease is more prevalent in urban areas at the age group of 55-60. Comprehensive prevention and control strategies referring to local status and age groups should be carried out to reduce the burden of breast cancer.

Objective: To estimate lung cancer incidence and mortality in China using population-based cancer registry data in 2014 collected by National Central Cancer Registry of China (NCCRC). Methods: 449 cancer registries submitted cancer registry data in 2014. All datasets were evaluated and 339 registries′ data which met the quality control criteria of NCCRC were analyzed. Numbers of new lung cancer cases and deaths were estimated using calculated incidence and mortality rates and corresponding national population stratified by areas, sexes and age groups. The standard population of Chinese census in 2000 and world Segi′ s population were applied to calculate age-standardized incidence and mortality rates in China and worldwide, respectively. Results: A total of 781, 500 new lung cancer cases were diagnosed in 2014. The crude incidence rate was 57.13 per 100 000 and the age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were 36.71 per 100 000 and 36.63 per 100 000, respectively. The cumulative incidence rate (0-74 years old) was 4.50%. Lung cancer was the most common cancer in male (ASIRW: 50.04 per 100 000) and the second most common cancer in female (ASIRW: 23.63 per 100 000). The incidence rates were slightly similar in urban areas and in rural areas (ASIRW: 36.64 per 100 000 vs 36.56 per 100 000). A total of 626 400 lung cancer deaths were reported. The crude mortality rate was 45.80 per 100 000 and the age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by world standard population (ASMRW) were 28.49 per 100 000 and 28.31 per 100 000, respectively. The cumulative mortality rate (0-74 years old) was 3.32%. Lung cancer was the most common cause of cancer deaths both in male (ASMRW: 40.21 per 100 000) and female (ASMRW: 16.88 per 100 000). The mortality rate was slightly higher in rural areas than in urban areas (ASMRW: 28.63 per 100 000 vs 28.04 per 100 000). Both lung cancer incidence and mortality rates increased with age, and the peak age was 80-84 years group. Conclusions The disease burden of lung cancer is heavy in China. Efficient national health policies and prevention and control strategies against lung cancer should be promoted.