An analytical method for simultaneous determination of five quinolones in spicy soup was developed. Spicy soup samples were firstly extracted by EDTA-Mcllvaine buffer at pH 4, then purified and concentrated by a novel Packed fiber solid phase extraction ( PFSPE ) coulumn. The extracted liquid supernatant was loaded onto the column, rinsed with water, and then eluted with 2% ammoniated methanol. The mobile phase was methanol-water-phosphoric acid (25:75:0. 1, V/V, adjusting the pH to 2. 8 with triethylamine) . These analytes were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography-fluorimetric detector( HPLC-FLD) at excitation and emission wavelength of 280 nm and 450 nm respectively. Recoveries of spiked quinolone antibiotics in spicy soup were from 72 . 1% to 110 . 3% with intraday relative standard deviation (RSD) between 1. 6% and 4. 3% and inter-day RSD from 2. 0% to 4. 3%. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation(LOQ) were from 1. 2 to 5. 4 μg/L and from 3. 9 to 18 μg/L, respectively. The method could be applied to determine the quinolones in spicy soup.

Objective:To observe the effect of mulberry leaf extract on blood glucose and islet β cell proliferation in pregnant diabetic rats.Methods:The rat model of gestational diabetes mellitus was prepared. The 32 model rats were randomly divided into the model group, metformin group, low dose mulberry leaf extract group and high dose mulberry leaf extract group, 8 rats in each group. Eight normal pregnant mice were selected as the control group. The low and high dose groups received gavage of mulberry leaf extract 0.5 and 1.5 g/kg, respectively, the rats in the metformin group received gavage of 200 mg/kg metformin hydrochloride suspension, and the model group and the normal group received gavage of sterile normal saline of equal volume. The intervention continued for 4 weeks. The HE staining was used to observe rat pancreatic tissue pathology change. The fasting blood glucose level was measured by blood glucose meter. The TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C levels were measured by automatic biochemical detector. The fasting insulin level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the islet resistance index and insulin sensitivity index were calculated. The activity of SOD, CAT, GSH-pX and MDA level in serum were detected by radioimmunoassay. The MTT method was used to detect islet β cell proliferation, and the Western blot method was used to detect CDK4, pRB, E2F1 protein expression.Results:Compared with the model group, the low-dose and high-dose groups showed that the levels of FBG, TC, TG and LDL-C significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and the HDL-C levels significantly increased ( P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the low-dose and high-dose groups showed that fasting insulin and islet resistance index significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and insulin sensitivity index significantly increased ( P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the low-dose and high-dose groups showed that the levels of SOD (360.62 ± 27.96 U/ml, 401.62 ± 25.66 U/ml vs. 293.45 ± 31.36 U/ml), CAT (10.26 ± 2.07 U/ml, 12.26 ± 0.96 U/ml vs. 8.26 ± 2.44 U/ml), GSH-Px (790.23 ± 47.87 U/ml, 880.63 ± 40.62 U/ml vs. 716.62 ± 45.62 U/ml) significantly increased ( P<0.05), MDA (30.89 ± 3.28 mmol/ml, 40.42 ± 2.06 mmol/ml vs. 44.85 ± 5.33 mmol/ml) level significantly decreased ( P<0.05). After 48 h and 72 h of modeling, compared with the model group, the islet proliferation rate of the low-dose group and the high-dose group significantly increased ( P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the low-dose and high-dose groups showed that the CDK4 (1.15 ± 0.42, 1.35 ± 0.59 vs. 0.75 ± 0.22), pRB (1.11 ± 0.58, 1.54 ± 0.64 vs. 0.67± 0.20), E2F1 (1.06 ± 0.39, 1.27 ± 0.18 vs. 0.48 ± 0.12) protein expression significantly increased ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Mulberry leaf extract can effectively improve blood sugar, lipid and insulin levels in gestational diabetic rats, and promote the proliferation of pancreatic beta cells by regulating CDK4-pRB-E2F1 pathway-related proteins.

Objective:To summarize the characteristics of pharmacoepidemiologic research involving diabetes patients, which were published in recent years, in terms of study design and analysis, and develop an identification process for time-related biases in pharmacoepidemiologic research.Methods:PubMed, Embase, CNKI and Wanfang were used for a systematical literature retrieval of relevant study papers published between January 1,2012 and September 26, 2022. Literature screening and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. Based on the mechanisms of different time-related biases and the characteristics of included study papers in terms of study design and analysis methods, an identification process for all types of time-related biases was developed.Results:A total of 281 study papers were included, of which 58 (20.64%) specifically mentioned certain time-related biases considered in the study. Based on the scoping review results, key points to identify time-related biases were summarized, involving data source, study design, control selection, comparator drugs, matching the duration of diabetes, identification of the washout period, identification of the induction/latency period, identification of the initiation of follow-up, identification of time window, statistical analysis methods, sensitivity analysis, and other design and analytical elements, in the identification process for time-related biases in pharmacoepidemiologic research.Conclusions:Time-related biases are common in pharmacoepidemiologic research and might significantly impact the study results. Based on scoping review results, this study further developed an identification process for time-related biases in pharmacoepidemiologic research, which will help researchers identify and avoid time-related biases and improve the reliability of related evidence in pharmacoepidemiologic research.