Orthodontic elastic bands are an important iatrogenic etiologic factor in the causation of periodontal attachment apparatus breakdown. Appropriate diagnosis and a well constructed treatment plan tailor-made to suit the requirements of the particular patient is imperative for management of periodontal lesions induced by subgingival retention of rubber band. There are conflicting reports regarding the reattachment and regeneration of lost periodontal supporting tissues in such cases. The present case report highlights the spontaneous reversal and correction of periodontal destruction due to iatrogenic orthodontic elastic band displacement deep into the subgingival tissues.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. PURPOSE: To verify the feasibility and safety of outpatient microscopic lumbar discectomy (MLD) in a developing country. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Outpatient MLD is advantageous in terms of cost effectiveness and avoidance of nosocomial infections. Safety of outpatient MLD has been well established in the developed nations of North America and Europe. There is no published study of outpatient MLD from the rest of the world, especially in developing countries. METHODS: Fifty-eight consecutive patients undergoing outpatient MLD with a median follow-up time of 12 months (range, 6–21 months) were included in this study. Simultaneous patient counseling was done by a surgical and anesthetic team preoperatively and pre-discharge. We collected and analyzed data pertaining to the demography, socioeconomic status, perioperative parameters, complications, and outcome assessment scores of the patients. RESULTS: The average patient age was 37.8±9.6 years (39 males, 19 females). Unilateral discectomy was performed in 55 patients, and bilateral discectomy in three. The majority (80.3%) of the patients were classified to lower middle (III) or upper lower (IV) class on the Modified Kuppuswamy Scale. The average operative time was 41.0±8.4 minutes with an average blood loss of 42.6±14.9 mL. The average postoperative stay was 5.5±0.7 hours and the successful discharge rate was 100%. Complications noted were postoperative nausea (n=8), urinary retention (n=2), meralgia paresthetica (n=3), delayed wound healing (n=2), and recurrence (n=1). The successful outcome rates were Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score leg pain, 93.1%; VAS score back pain, 89.6%; Oswestry Disability Index score, 91.3%; return to activities of daily living, 94.8%; return to work, 79.3%; patient satisfaction rate, 82.7%; and overall success rate, 88.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Outpatient MLD can be safely performed with success, even in the setting of a developing country, if the prerequisites of appropriate patient selection, arduous adherence to outpatient surgery protocol, competent surgical/anesthetic team, and infrastructure needed for conduction of microsurgery are met.

Background: The use of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EDKA) related to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) use in people with diabetes has been increasingly reported. The causes are multifactorial, and dietary changes in SGLT2i users were observed to trigger EDKA. A ketogenic diet or very low-carbohydrate diet (VLCD) enhances body ketosis by breaking down fats into energy sources, causing EDKA. This study aimed to understand the patient specific risk factors and clinical characteristics of this cohort. Methods: Several databases were carefully analyzed to understand the patients’ symptoms, clinical profile, laboratory results, and safety of dietary changes in SGLT2i’s. Thirteen case reports identifying 14 patients on a ketogenic diet and SGLT2i’s diagnosed with EDKA were reviewed. Results: Of the 14 patients, 12 (85%) presented with type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and 2 (15%) presented with type-1 DM. The duration of treatment with SGLT2i before the onset of EDKA varies from 1 to 365 days. The duration of consuming a ketogenic diet or VLCD before EDKA onset varies from 1 to 90 days, with over 90% of patients hospitalized <4 weeks after starting the diet. At presentation, average blood glucose was 167.50±41.80 mg/dL, pH 7.10±0.10, HCO3 8.1±3.0 mmol/L, potassium 4.2±1.1 mEq/L, anion-gap 23.6±3.5 mmol/L, and the average hemoglobin A1c was 10%±2.4%. The length of hospital stay ranged from 1 to 15 days. None of the patients were reinitiated on SGLT2i’s, and 50% (2/4) of the patients reported were on the ketogenic diet or VLCD upon patient questioning. Conclusion Despite the popularity of the ketogenic diet and VLCD for weight loss, their use in diabetics taking SGLT2i’s is associated with EDKA. Physicians should educate patients with diabetes taking SGLT2i’s about the risk of EDKA. In addition, patients should be encouraged to include their physicians in any decision related to significant changes in diet or exercise routines. Further research is needed to address if SGLT2i’s should be permanently discontinued in patients with diabetes on SGLT2i and whether the ketogenic diet developed EDKA.