Objective To construct and implement theSTARnurse training model, and discuss its application effect and the problems that should be paid attention to, and to provide operational cases and practical basis for nursing clinical education. Methods Through literature review and expert consultation, the framework and content of STAR nurse training model were set up and implemented. The questionnaire survey and semi structured in-depth interviews were conducted among the nurses in the hospital to evaluate the effect of improving the nurses′self-directed learning ability. Results After the implementation of the project, the scores of the three dimensions of self-management, desire for study and self-control were (3.67±0.57), (4.05±0.54), (3.99±0.50) points, which were higher than (3.55±0.49), (3.71± 0.52), (3.53±0.42) points before implementation. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05 or 0.01). The semi structured in-depth interviews showed that all the nurses believed that STAR nurse training model could promote independent learning and stimulate interest in learning. 14 nurses thought it was beneficial for the nurses to find the problems. Conclusions STAR nurse training model can create a favorable learning environment for nurses, and stimulate the learning motivation. It plays a positive role in improving nurses′ability of self-directed learning.

BACKGROUND:In recent years,with the development of biological scaffold materials and bioprinting technology,tissue-engineered bone has become a research hotspot in bone defect repair. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the current treatment methods for bone defects,summarize the biomaterials and bioprinting technology for preparing tissue-engineered bone scaffolds,and explore the application of biomaterials and printing technology in tissue engineering and the current challenges. METHODS:Search terms were"bone defect,tissue engineering,biomaterials,3D printing technology,4D printing technology,bioprinting,biological scaffold,bone repair"in Chinese and English.Relevant documents published from January 1,2009 to December 1,2022 were retrieved on CNKI,PubMed and Web of Science databases.After being screened by the first author,high-quality references were added.A total of 93 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The main treatment methods for bone defects include bone transplantation,membrane-guided regeneration,gene therapy,bone tissue engineering,etc.The best treatment method is still uncertain.Bone tissue engineering technology is a new technology for the treatment of bone defects.It has become the focus of current research by constructing three-dimensional structures that can promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and enhance the ability of bone formation.Biological scaffold materials are diverse,with their characteristics,advantages and disadvantages.A single biological material cannot meet the demand for tissue-engineered bone for the scaffold.Usually,multiple materials are combined to complement each other,which is to meet the demand for mechanical properties while taking into account the biological properties of the scaffold.Bioprinting technology can adjust the pore of the scaffold,build a complex spatial structure,and is more conducive to cell adhesion,proliferation and differentiation.The emerging 4D printing technology introduces"time"as the fourth dimension to make the prepared scaffold dynamic.With the synchronous development of smart materials,4D printing technology provides the possibility of efficient repair of bone defects in the future.

ObjectiveTo establish the categories and structure of physical activity in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and systematically evaluate the long-term effect of physical activity on the executive function of children with ASD, based on the theoretical and methodological framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health-Children and Youth version (ICF-CY). MethodsA search was conducted in databases such as Wanfang data, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science and ProQuest, to collect literatures about long-term physical activity for executive function of children with ASD published from 2014 to 2023. The literatures were reviewed based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, following PRISMA guidelines for systematic review, and the quality of the included literatures were assessed with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. ResultsTotally, ten articles were included, consisting of nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and one non-randomized controlled trial, with a total of 351 children diagnosed as ASD, aged three to 18 years, came from Italy, Canada, South Korea, China and the United States, published mainly after 2016. Physical activity primarily included sports activities (such as baseball, basketball, table tennis and equine-assisted activities), skill-based activities (such as cycling, cognitive-motor training and active gaming), physical fitness activities (SPARK), as well as combat-related activities (martial arts and karate); 30 to 70 minutes a time (mainly 45 minutes), one to five times a week (mainly twice a week), for two to 24 weeks (mainly twelve weeks). Long-term physical activities had been found to improve inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility in children with ASD, although the effect on working memory was inconsistent. ConclusionLong-term physical activity may positively impact on executive function in children with ASD, especially inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. However, the effect on working memory need more researches.