PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to construct a hypothetical structural model which explains premenstrual coping in university students and to test the fitness with collected data. METHODS: Participants were 206 unmarried women university students from 3 universities in A and B cities. Data were collected from March 29 until April 30, 2016 using self-report structured questionnaires and were analyzed using IBM SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 18.0. RESULTS: Physiological factor was identified as a significant predictor of premenstrual syndrome (t=6.45, p<.001). This model explained 22.1% of the variance in premenstrual syndrome. Psychological factors (t=-2.49, p=.013) and premenstrual syndrome (t=8.17, p<.001) were identified as significant predictors of premenstrual coping. Also this model explained 30.9% of the variance in premenstrual coping in university students. A physiological factors directly influenced premenstrual syndrome (β=.41, p=.012). Premenstrual syndrome (β=.55, p=.005) and physiological factor (β=.23, p=.015) had significant total effects on premenstrual coping. Physiological factor did not have a direct influence on premenstrual coping, but indirectly affected it (β=.22, p=.007). Psychological factors did not have an indirect or total effect on premenstrual coping, but directly affected it (β=-.17, p=.036). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that strategies to control physiological factors such as menstrual pain should be helpful to improve premenstrual syndrome symptoms. When developing a program to improve premenstrual coping ability and quality of menstrual related health, it is important to consider psychological factors including perceived stress and menstrual attitude and premenstrual syndrome.
Dysmenorrhea ; Female ; Humans ; Models, Structural* ; Premenstrual Syndrome ; Psychology ; Single Person ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the status of pre-marital reproductive health education, sexual psychology behavior, contraception and pre-marital abortion in unmarried young men to get the correct way for pre-marital guidence and education.

METHODSThe survey adopted the society-psychology-behavior methodology. Five hundred and ten objects who had pre-marital sexual living history were investigated randomly.

RESULTSThe reasons of making sexual pre-marital relations were thinking marriage and curiosity. 81.2% of them thought the best way of contraception is to use the condom. 34.8% of them used the prevenception when they had the first sexual experience. 39.7% of the objects adopted contraceptions every time, and 27.1% of the objects made the women pregnancy which resulted 22.4% women using the IUD for contraception. 63.6% of them thought the main reason of not using contraception was the fear to get trouble. The main source of contraceptives was pharmacy (59.8%).

CONCLUSIONSThis survey suggested that the prevalence of pre-marital sexual behavior is relatively high in Changshu. It should be taken several methods to give unmarried young men the reproductibe education.

Adult ; China ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; Psychology, Social ; Reproductive Medicine ; Sexual Behavior ; physiology ; Single Person

Objective: To describe the characteristics of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases via non-marital or non-commercial heterosexual transmission and to find out the relative factors in Hangzhou, from 2015 to 2017. Methods: Data were collected through the national HIV/AIDS comprehensive control and prevention data system. Study subjects would include those reported HIV/AIDS cases who were residents of Hangzhou and were infected via non-marital heterosexual transmission, between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2017. Demographic characteristics and behavioral information were collected. χ(2) test was used to compare different characteristics of the non-married heterosexual transmission subjects. Logistic regression was used to assess factors that associated with non-marital but non-commercial HIV heterosexual transmission with SPSS. 20 software used to analyze statistically. Results: Non-marital HIV heterosexual transmission accounted for 38.03% (1 393/3 663) of the total new reported HIV/AIDS cases in 2015-2017. Out of the 1 393 HIV/AIDS cases, those infected through non-marital but non-commercial heterosexual transmission accounted for 50.83% (708/1 393), and those through non-martial commercial transmission was accounted for 49.17% (685/1 393). Male to female ratio was 3.51 ∶ 1 (1 084/309). Male HIV cases reported that their major way of infection was via non-marital commercial transmission (670/1 084, 61.81%), while female patients reported the way was via non-marital non-commercial (294/309, 95.1%). Results from multivariate logistic analysis showed that the related risk factors and ORs for non-marital but non-commercial transmission appeared as: female (aOR=48.25, 95%CI: 26.94- 88.44),<30 year olds (aOR=2.43, 95%CI: 1.31-4.51), 30-39 year olds (aOR=1.92, 95%CI: 1.11- 3.33), 40-49 year olds (aOR=1.80, 95%CI: 1.08-3.00), married or unmarried (vs. divorced or widowed, aOR=1.57, 95%CI: 1.10-2.24; aOR=1.78, 95%CI: 1.15-2.78), high school and above of education level (vs. primary school and under of education level, aOR=1.82, 95%CI: 1.18-2.80), administrative officers or employee (vs. farmers, aOR=2.03, 95%CI: 1.04-1.91). Number of non- marital partners less than 5 (vs. number of non-marital partners more than 5, aOR=10.65, 95%CI: 6.41-17.42). Conclusions: HIV/AIDS cases with non-marital heterosexual transmission accounted for considerable proportion regarding the HIV transmission in Hangzhou from 2015 to 2017. Differences were found in the following factors as non-marital and non-commercial heterosexual transmission with diverse gender, age, marital status, educational level and occupation among of the HIV/AIDS patients.
Female ; HIV ; HIV Infections/transmission* ; Heterosexuality ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Sexual Behavior/psychology* ; Sexual Partners ; Single Person

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test and validate a model to predict contraception behavior in unmarried men and women. METHODS: Data were collected from a questionnaire survey of 180 unmarried men and 186 unmarried women 20 years of age or over who had sexual relationships in the past 6 months. Participants were from Seoul, Kyunggi, Daegu, and Busan and data collection was done from February 19 to April 16, 2013. RESULTS: Model fit indices for the hypotheoretical model fitted to the recommended levels. Out of 15 paths, 11 were statistically significant in both. Predictors of contraception behavior in unmarried men and women were intention to use contraception and self-efficacy for contraception. Exposure to sexual content was directly significant to the intention in men only. Self-efficacy for contraception was affected by perceived threat of pregnancy and gender role attitude. In women, the two predictors were also significant except for the effect of exposure to sexual contents. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that an intervention program which increases self-efficacy in unmarried men and women contributes to effective contraception behavior. In addition, proper sexual education programs using positive aspect of mass media can help develop active participation for contraception behavior.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Contraception Behavior/*psychology ; Female ; Gender Identity ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; *Models, Theoretical ; Questionnaires ; Republic of Korea ; Self Efficacy ; Single Person/*psychology

For the purpose of obtaining reference materials for the prevention and management of mental health promoting in industrial workers, this survey was investigated the relationship between subjective fatigue symptoms and its related factors such as demographic, job and health related variables. 442 cases of industrial workers which occurred in 7 factories of machine an4 metal manufacturing industrial in Taejon industrial area surveyed by self-recorded questionnaire. The results were as follows : 1. In the complaint raters of fatigue, "eye strain" was the highest (21.9%) and followed by "feel like tying" (12.4%) and "feel a pain in the low back" (12.4%), "feel drowsy" (12.2%), "yawning a lot"(11.8%) and "whole body feels tired" (11.1%) in the descending order. 2. In the average weighted scores of fatigue complaints, dullness and steepness group (I) was the highest, followed by difficulty in concentration group(II) and bodily projection of fatigue group(III) in the descending order. 3. The average weighted scores of fatigue complaints by general characteristics were significantly higher in the lower age group, lower education group and unmarried divorce group. But there was no significant difference in sex. 4. By the working condition, the fatigue scores were significantly higher in manual worker and shift worker than in clerical worker and day worker. 5. By the life style, the fatigue scores were significantly lower in 7-8 sleeping hour group and every day eating breakfast group than in other groups. But fatigue score of everyday alcohol drinking group and the lower health practice indecies group were significantly higher than that of other groups. 6. By the health status and psychological factors, the fatigue scores were higher in unhealthy group, unsatisfaction income level group, unsatisfaction worker contents group and the group of badly self-control in work. 7. In the stepwised multiple regression, factors affecting the fatigue symptoms scores were depression symptom score, health status, marital status, job satisfaction, job repeatedness and body mass index.
Alcohol Drinking ; Body Mass Index ; Breakfast ; Daejeon ; Depression ; Divorce ; Eating ; Education ; Fatigue* ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction ; Life Style* ; Marital Status ; Mental Health ; Psychology ; Questionnaires ; Single Person

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the effects of a Human Papillomavirus (HPV) linked to cervix cancer prevention education program for unmarried university female students. A new model in the cervix cancer prevention is provided. METHODS: The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Participants were 63 female students in one of two university in an experimental group (29 students) and control group (34 students). After 4 weeks education, the differences between the two groups in the measurement variables were compared. Twelve weeks later, a follow-up test was done for experimental group only. RESULTS: After the education, experimental group showed significantly higher scores in all variables, the intention for Pap test (Z=-3.73, p<.001), intention for HPV vaccination (Z=-3.14, p=.002), general cancer prevention behavior (Z=-2.20, p=.028), attitudes to Pap (Z=-3.23, p=.001), benefits of cancer prevention behavior (Z=-3.97, p<.001), and HPV linked to cervix cancer knowledge (Z=-5.40, p<.001). In the follow-up study, the experimental group showed intermediate effects in intention for Pap test, intention of HPV vaccination and HPV linked to cervix cancer knowledge as well as short term effects in general cancer prevention behavior, attitudes to Pap and benefits of cancer prevention behavior. CONCLUSION: The program developed for this study on prevention education of HPV linked to cervix cancer was effective for unmarried university students in the short term and intermediate duration. Other educational approaches should be developed and short term effects and longitudinal changes of the education should be assessed. This education program should also be replicated for other female groups including unmarried working women or female adolescents.
Attitude to Health ; Female ; Health Education ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Papillomavirus Infections/*prevention & control ; Program Evaluation ; Single Person ; Students/*psychology ; Universities ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/*prevention & control ; Young Adult

The number of migrant workers staying in Korea is 73,250 August 1994 now by the data which Economic Planning Agency presented to the National Assembly. Industrial trainees were reported to be 17,640 and illegal stayers were 55,610 but many migrant workers did not seem to be included. There are some reports which described the unfulfillment of their basic right such as discrimination of wage, delay of payment, long working hours, enforced work, but working conditions, work environment and their health were not surveyed well. Therefore this survey is to study their situation such as working conditions, work environment, health and living conditions as well as general characteristics. Questionnaire was written by plain English and was made of closed question mainly. Finally 185 persons completed the questionnaire. The results are as follows; 1) The general characteristics are following: ages are mostly between 20 and 29 years old, and males are more than females, and mostly unmarried. Many were students in their countries and their education levels were high. 2) Many persons; were introduced to Korea by native broker. Total cost for coming to Korea was mostly over $1,000 and many paid over $2,000. Their staying period in Korea is mostly over 2 years arid many persons think their status uneasy. The most important purpose for coming to Korea is to earn money. 3) Many are working in garment factories but most factories are small scale: ones below 20 employees. Most are working over 10 hours a day. The average income is $480 and that is about 54.8% of average income of Korean workers. Unpaid salaries are about $921 per each worker. 4) 15.8% of migrant workers answered to have experienced industrial accidents. Their health status seems to be worse after coming to Korea. The resident environment was very poor. We knew that migrant workers' situation was very bad considering their working conditions, work environment, health and living conditions. Therefore, employment policy of migrant workers must be reviewed immediately and good working conditions must be provided to them as soon as possible.
Accidents, Occupational ; Adult ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Education ; Employment ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Questionnaires ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Single Person ; Social Conditions ; Transients and Migrants*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the symptom prevalence and aspects of symptoms for cumulative trauma disorders in dentists and elucidate their associated factors. METHODS: A questionnaire-based investigation on demographic factors, work-related characteristics, psychosocial factors and symptoms of 512 dentists practicing in Daegu metropolitan city was conducted. Subsets of psychosocial characteristics, including job demand(5 items), psychosomatic strain(5 items), job insecurity, and type A behavior were also assessed. For the evaluation of symptoms early developed questionnaire by Song(1997)was used to investigate the parameters related to pains in the neck, shoulder, arm and elbow, wrist, finger, back or discomforts, such as pricking and numbing. RESULTS: The symptom prevalence of cumulative trauma disorders, calculated based on NIOSH criteria, was high at 63.3 %; the most frequent site of complaint was the shoulder, followed by neck, back, hand and wrist, knee, foot and ankle. The most common approach position was direction of 9 to 10 o'clock. Most subjects had 5-10 years of work experience and those with such years of experience also complained most frequently of symptoms in the neck and shoulder areas. As to rate of symptom complaint according to the type of dental procedure, the highest rate was associated to periodontic treatment. According to age, those between the age of 30-40 had the highest symptom prevalence rate at 70 %. According to sex, women had the higher symptom prevalence rate. Unmarried subjects also had higher symptom prevalence rate. The results of logistic analysis showed that the higher the psychosomatic strain and job demand, the higher the symptom prevalence rate of cumulative trauma disorders. Moreover, the higher the score of type A behavior, the higher the symptom prevalence rate, and even those who changed the location of their practice for the last three months also showed high symptom prevalence rate. CONCLUSIONS: The results of multiple logistic regression analysis, which incorporated demographic, work-related and psychosocial characteristics as independent variables, showed that women were at a higher risk than men in developing cumulative trauma disorders; and that the higher the psychosomatic strain and more frequent type A behavior, the higher the risk of developing cumulative trauma disorders. The above results seem to suggest that not only continual, repeated fine and skillful musculoskeletal movements and lengthy hours in an uncomfortable position but also the psychological stress related to patient satisfaction, can lead to cumulative trauma disorders.
Ankle ; Arm ; Cumulative Trauma Disorders* ; Daegu* ; Demography ; Dentists* ; Elbow ; Female ; Fingers ; Foot ; Hand ; Humans ; Knee ; Logistic Models ; Male ; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.) ; Neck ; Patient Satisfaction ; Periodontics ; Prevalence ; Psychology ; Questionnaires ; Shoulder ; Single Person ; Stress, Psychological ; Wrist