Nuclear factor κB(NF-κB)is a ubiquitous regulator of the signalome and is indispensable for various biological cell functions.NF-κB consists of five transcription factors that execute both cytoplasmic and nuclear signaling processes in cells.NF-κB is the only signaling molecule that governs both pro-and anti-apoptotic,and pro-and anti-inflammatory responses.This is due to the canonical and non-canonical components of the NF-κB signaling pathway.Together,these pathways orchestrate cancer-related inflammation,hyperplasia,neoplasia,and metastasis.Non-canonical NF-κB pathways are particularly involved in the chemoresistance of cancer cells.In view of its pivotal role in cancer progression,NF-κB represents a potentially significant therapeutic target for modifying tumor cell behavior.Several phy-tochemicals are known to modulate NF-κB pathways through the stabilization of its inhibitor,IKB,by inhibiting phosphorylation and ubiquitination thereof.Several natural pharmacophores are known to inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and associated pro-inflammatory responses and cell survival pathways.In view of this and the high degree of specificity exhibited by various phytochemicals for the NF-κB component,we herein present an in-depth overview of these phytochemicals and discuss their mode of interaction with the NF-κB signaling pathways for controlling the fate of tumor cells for cancer-directed interventions.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ genotype in children diagnosed with celiac disease (CD) (biopsy proven), and to compare this with a control group; and secondarily, to correlate HLA genotypes with clinical profiles of CD. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative observational study included 26 controls and 52 patients diagnosed with CD who presented at Sir Padampat Mother and Child Health Institute, Jaipur, from May, 2017 to October, 2018. HLA DQ genotype was assessed for each patients and correlated with clinical profiles. Results: HLA DQ2/DQ8 genotypes were significantly more common in CD (present in 100.0% cases) than in controls (23.1%) in Northern India (Rajasthan). When HLA DQ2.5 and DQ8 were present together, individuals had significantly more atypical presentations and severe findings on duodenal biopsy. Similarly, patients with the HLA DQ 2.5 genotype were also predisposed to more severe endoscopic findings, while HLA DQ2.2 predisposed them to less severe biopsy findings. HLA DQ8 was significantly associated with later age at diagnosis (>5 years) and shorter stature. The highest HLA DQ relative risk (RR) for CD development was associated with HLA DQ2.5 and DQ2.2 in combination, followed by HLA DQ2.5 and DQ8 in combination, while HLA DQx.5 and HLA DQ2.2 together had the lowest risk. Conclusion HLA DQ2/DQ8 genotypes are strongly associated with pediatric CD patients in northern India. These genotypes and their combinations may be associated with different clinical presentations of CD, and may help predict severity of CD.