Extra-axial medulloblastoma is a rare phenomenon. We report a case in a 5-year-old boy who presented with nausea, vomiting, and gait disturbance. He was treated with total removal of the tumor. This is the first case of an extra-axially located medulloblastoma occurring in the cerebellar hemisphere posteriolateral to the cerebellopontine angle in Korea. Although the extra-axial occurrence of medulloblastoma is rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of extra-axial lesions of the posterior fossa in children.
Cerebellopontine Angle ; Cerebellum ; Cerebrum ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Gait ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Medulloblastoma* ; Nausea ; Vomiting

A 33-year-old woman presented with tingling and paresthesia on left extremity for 2 months. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the tumor was iso- and hypo-intensity on T1-weighted image, mixed iso- and high-signal intensity on T2-weighted images and heterogeneously enhanced with rim enhancement. Neither arachnoid cleft nor dural tail was certain but mass was located extra-axially so meningioma was suspected. During operation, tumor wasn't attached to dura at all but arachnoid attachment was seen. Pathologically, clear cell type ependymoma was confirmed. Details of diagnosis and treatment of this tumor is described.
Adult ; Arachnoid ; Diagnosis ; Ependymoma* ; Extremities ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Meningioma* ; Paresthesia ; Tail

Lymphoplasmacyte-rich meningioma is a rare WHO Grade I subtype of meningioma. The lymphoplasmacyte-rich meningioma does not have typical imaging features of a meningioma so it can mimic intracranial inflammatory condition or brain neoplasm. We report the clinicopathologic features of lymphoplasmacyte-rich meningioma in a 35-year-old woman. She suffered from progressive headache, dizziness and tinnitus over two years. The tumor exhibited atypical neuroimaging features, including obvious peritumoral edema and irregular enhancing components. She underwent total resection and histologic examination revealed a meningioma with numerous plasma cells. Her symptoms have since resolved and there has been no evidence of tumor recurrence after one year of follow-up.
Adult ; Brain Neoplasms ; Dizziness ; Edema ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Headache ; Humans ; Meningioma* ; Neuroimaging* ; Plasma Cells ; Recurrence ; Tinnitus

A rare case of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage from newly developed cerebral aneurysm in glioblastoma patient is presented. A 57-year-old man was presented with headache and memory impairment. On the magnetic resonance image and the magnetic resonance angiography, a large enhancing mass was found at right frontal subcortex and intracranial aneurysm was not found. The mass was removed subtotally and revealed as glioblastoma. He took concurrent PCV chemotherapy and radiation therapy, but the mass recurred one month later after radiotherapy. He was then treated with temozolomide for 7 cycles. Three months after the completion of temozolomide therapy, he suffered from a subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a rupture of a small de novo aneurysm at distal anterior cerebral artery. He underwent an aneurysm clipping and discharged without neurologic complication.
Aneurysm ; Anterior Cerebral Artery ; Dacarbazine ; Glioblastoma ; Headache ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Magnetic Resonance Angiography ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Memory ; Middle Aged ; Rupture ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Intraspinal bronchogenic cysts are rare congenital cystic lesions. In all the reported cases, the cysts have been located in the cervical, upper thoracic or thoracolumbar segments. We report the case of an intraspinal bronchogenic cyst in the sacral location. We present the case of a 5-month-old female with a skin dimple in the midline over the sacral vertebra. Magnetic resonance image of the lumbar and sacral vertebra revealed a dermal sinus tract and an epidural cystic mass at the S2 level. The patient underwent the removal of the dermal sinus tract and the cyst. The cystic mass was shown to be connected to the subarachnoid space through a slender pedicle from the dura. The cyst was diagnosed to be a bronchogenic cyst based on the results of the histopathological examination. We conclude that intraspinal bronchogenic cysts may appear in the sacral location.
Bronchogenic Cyst/diagnosis/pathology/*surgery ; Epithelium/pathology/*surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Lumbar Vertebrae/pathology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Sacrum/pathology ; Spinal Dysraphism/complications ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: Autophagy is one of the key responses of cells to programmed cell death. Memantine, an approved anti-dementia drug, has an antiproliferative effect on cancer cells but the mechanism is poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to test the possibility of induction of autophagic cell death by memantine in glioma cell lines. METHODS: Glioma cell lines (T-98 G and U-251 MG) were used for this study. RESULTS: The antiproliferative effect of memantine was shown on T-98 G cells, which expressed N-methyl-D-aspartate 1 receptor (NMDAR1). Memantine increased the autophagic-related proteins as the conversion ratio of light chain protein 3-II (LC3-II)-/LC3-I and the expression of beclin-1. Memantine also increased formation of autophagic vacuoles observed under a transmission electron microscope. Transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to knock down NMDAR1 in the glioma cells induced resistance to memantine and decreased the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in T-98 G cells. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that in glioma cells, memantine inhibits proliferation and induces autophagy mediated by NMDAR1.
Autophagy* ; Cell Death ; Cell Line ; Gastrin-Secreting Cells ; Glioma* ; Memantine* ; N-Methylaspartate ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Transfection ; Vacuoles

A few studies have shown that the function of fusiform face area is selectively involved in the perception of faces including a race difference. We investigated the neural substrates of the face-selective region called fusiform face area in the ventral occipital-temporal cortex and same-race memory superiority in the fusiform face area by the event-related fMRI. In our fMRI study, subjects (Oriental-Korean) performed the implicit distinction of the race while they consciously made familiar-judgments, regardless of whether they considered a face as Oriental-Korean or European-American. For race distinction as an implicit task, the fusiform face areas (FFA) and the right parahippocampal gyrus had a greater response to the presentation of Oriental-Korean faces than for the European-American faces, but in the conscious race distinction between Oriental-Korean and European-American faces, there was no significant difference observed in the FFA. These results suggest that different activation in the fusiform regions and right parahippocampal gyrus resulting from superiority of same-race memory could have implicitly taken place by the physiological processes of face recognition.
Continental Population Groups* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Memory ; Parahippocampal Gyrus ; Physiological Processes

A few studies have shown that the function of fusiform face area is selectively involved in the perception of faces including a race difference. We investigated the neural substrates of the face-selective region called fusiform face area in the ventral occipital-temporal cortex and same-race memory superiority in the fusiform face area by the event-related fMRI. In our fMRI study, subjects (Oriental-Korean) performed the implicit distinction of the race while they consciously made familiar-judgments, regardless of whether they considered a face as Oriental-Korean or European-American. For race distinction as an implicit task, the fusiform face areas (FFA) and the right parahippocampal gyrus had a greater response to the presentation of Oriental-Korean faces than for the European-American faces, but in the conscious race distinction between Oriental-Korean and European-American faces, there was no significant difference observed in the FFA. These results suggest that different activation in the fusiform regions and right parahippocampal gyrus resulting from superiority of same-race memory could have implicitly taken place by the physiological processes of face recognition.
Continental Population Groups* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Memory ; Parahippocampal Gyrus ; Physiological Processes

Intracranial ependymal cysts are rare, congenital, benign lesions. These commonly occur in the supratentorial regions and usually generate no symptoms. The cerebellopontine angle (CPA) is an extremely rare site for ependymal cysts. Furthermore, there are no previous reports of CPA ependymal cysts related to syncope. We report a case of ependymal cyst in the left CPA with syncope. The patient underwent a cardiologic evaluation for syncope after admission, but there were no definite cardiologic abnormal findings. He underwent fenestration into the subarachnoid space, and the pathologic diagnosis revealed an ependymal cyst. We analyzed this case with review of other literatures.
Cerebellopontine Angle ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Subarachnoid Space ; Syncope*

A rare case of chronic pain of entrapment neuropathy of the sciatic nerve successfully relieved by surgical decompression is presented. A 71-year-old male suffered a chronic right buttock pain of duration of 7 years which radiating to the right distal leg and foot. His pain developed gradually over one year after underwenting drainage for the gluteal abscess seven years ago. A cramping buttock and intermittently radiating pain to his right foot on sitting, walking, and voiding did not respond to conventional treatment. An MRI suggested a post-inflammatory adhesion encroaching the proximal course of the sciatic nerve beneath the piriformis as it emerges from the sciatic notch. Upon exploration of the sciatic nerve, a fibrotic tendinous scar beneath the piriformis was found and released proximally to the sciatic notch. His chronic intractable pain was completely relieved within days after the decompression. However, thigh weakness and hypesthesia of the foot did not improve. This case suggest a need for of more prompt investigation and decompression of the chronic sciatic entrapment neuropathy which does not improve clinically or electrically over several months.
Abscess ; Aged ; Buttocks ; Chronic Pain ; Cicatrix* ; Decompression* ; Decompression, Surgical ; Drainage ; Foot ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Leg ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Muscle Cramp ; Pain, Intractable ; Sciatic Nerve* ; Thigh ; Walking