The clinical practice is a bridge between theoretical learning and clinic practice.The learning interests of medical students can be enhanced and the teaching effects be improved by using multimedia teaching in the clinical practice of urology.

Objective: To assessment of preoperative psychological distress in patients undergoing renal transplantation.Methods: A total of 73 renal transplantation patients were prospectively surveyed preoperatively using the 18-item Brief Symptom Inventory,a validated instrument that measures the psychological domains of general distress,anxiety and depression.Preoperative and 1 week postoperative distress scores were evaluated with respect to age,sex,marital status,economic status,serums creatinine.Results: The preoperative prevalence of psychological distress in patients of renal transplantation was 56.1%(41/73) and it remained somewhat increased at 35.6%(26/73) approximately 1 weeks after operation.In the entire group there was a statistically significant decrease in anxiety(3.5?3.1 vs 5.7?4.6,P400 umol/L.There was a statistically significant increase in anxiety from receiving one's own health services to public health services(4.4?4.1 vs 3.8?3.7,P

Objective:To evaluate the methods of diagnosis and treatment of Herpes Zoster(HZ)in renal transplant recipients.Methods:Diagnosis and treatment of 23 cases of varicella-zoster virus(VZV) infaction in renal transplant recipients were reviewed.Results:Herpes Zoster usually occurred1~2 years after renal transplantation.It could be diagnosed by symptom and physical examination.The dose of CsA and other immunosuppressants were adjusted according to the concentration of CsA after diagnosis.It was effective to use acyclovir(1200mg/d) in 15 patients and to use ganciclovir(500 mg/d)in other 8 patients.Antibiotics were used in all patients to avoid bacterial infection.The total effective rate 100%(23/23).Conclusion:VZV was a common disease after renal was transplantation.Early diagnosis,prompt treatment and rational adjustment of the immunosuppressant were essentia1.Both acyclovir and ganciclovir are effective for the treatment of HZ.

Objective To investigate the effect of preemptive cytomegalovirus infection(CMV) on acute rejection (AR) and assess the value of preemptive prophylactic antivirus therapy. Methods Retrospective study of 116 transplant recipients from September 2001 to February 2005 was made. The CMV infection was diagnosed by CMV-PP65 antigen tests. According to the result of CMV-PP65 antigen, 116 transplant recipients were divided into preemptive CMV infected group and non-infected group. The preemptive CMV infected recipients were subdivided into valacyclovir-treated group and non-valacyclovir-treated group. The impact of preemptive cytomegalovirus infection on acute rejection was analyzed. At the same time, CMV-PP65 antigen in 35 healthy subjects was detected. Results Seventy-four recipients had preemptive CMV infection, and the infection rate of renal transplant recipients was higher than healthy subjects (63.8% vs 14.3%, P

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of early use of rapamycin in renal transplant recipients.METHODS:A total of 58 patients undergoing renal transplantation(with kidneys came from corpses)were assigned to receive cyclosporine A(CsA)plus rapamycin(RPM)and prednisone(trial group,n=28)or CsA plus mycophenolate(MMF)and prednisone(control group,n=30).The clinical efficacy at 6 months after renal transplantation,the complications and the adverse drug reactions of the two groups were observed,meanwhile,biochemical indicators including serum blood lipid level and hepatic and renal functions were monitored to analyze the effects of two immunosuppressive schemes on acute rejection of the transplanted kidneys and the survival rates of patients/kidneys.RESULTS:The transplanted kidneys in both group all survived with function.There was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of acute rejection(4/28(14.3%)for trial group vs.5/30(16.7%)for control group).The abnormal serum lipid level,infection of incisional wound,diarrhea and hypoleukemia were noted in 11 cases(39.3%),4 cases(14.3%),3 cases(10.7%)and 1 case(3.6%)for the trial group vs.3 cases(10.0%),2 cases(6.7%),8 cases(26.7%)and 5 cases(16.7%)for the control group.CONCLUSION:The early use of triple immunosuppressive therapy(CsA + RPM+ Pred)showed more potent immunosuppressive efficacy but fewer acute rejections as compared the control group(CsA + MMF + Pred).The main side effects of the trial group(CsA +RPM+ Pred)manifested as increased serum lipid level and infection of incisional wound,however,the incidences of diarrhea and hypoleukemia were significantly lower than in the control group.

BACKGROUND: Many methods can reduce panel reactive antibody (PRA) levels in highly sensitized adult patients waiting for renal transplantation. Desensitisation with plasmapheresis or immunoabsorption is commonly used. Howevel the adverse effects limit their applications. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of pretreatment of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) on PRA levels in highly sensitized adult patients waiting for renal transplantation. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Case analysis, self-contrast of 57 patients waiting for renal transplantation from Ren Transplantation Center. First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between January 2003 and Novembem 2006. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-seven adult patients, who were highly sensitized to the human leucocyte antigen (HLA), agcd 21 to 65 years. were selected. The average baselines of PRA levels of patients were(46.7±29.5)%. METHODS: All patients received IVIG pretreatments at a dose of 5 g/d for 2 weeks. as one course of treatment. A weel later. some of them received additional 2 weeks iniection of IVIG. The PRA levels of patients were measured before and just after the IVIG treatments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: PRA levels. RESULTS: It was significantly decreased below the non-sensitive level(＜10%)in 48 candidates(84.2%),and partially decreased in 6 ones(10.6%),however, was not changed in 3 ones(5.2%).The total effective rate was 94.8%.Thereafter.each candidate received a cadaveric renal graft. The preoperative complement-dependent cytotoxicity of each candidate was blow 10%. Furthermore. no hyperacute rejection was observed in all 57 recipients. Only two recipients experienced acute reiection, however, that was successfully conversed by methylprednisolone and FK506 treatments. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment of IVIG is a promising and effective option for lower allosensitization and can improve transplantation in highly sensitized candidates with end-stage renal diseases.

Objective To analyze the causes and management of the late complications after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Methods The clinical data of 102 patients who were hospitalized for the late complications after TURP were analyzed retrospectively. Results The causes of readmission were residual prostatic hyperplasia for 32 patients (31.37%),bladder neck restriction for 22 patients (21.57%),urethral stricture for 18 patients (17.65%),hematuria for 15 patients (14.71%),epididymitis for 6 patients (5.88%),urinary tract infection for 4 patients (3.92%),carcinoma of prostate for 3 patients (2.94%),and neuropathic bladder dysfunction for 2 patients (1.96%). All patients were satisfied with their therapeutic efficacy after different treatments. Conclusion The main complications after TURP include residual prostatic hyperplasia,bladder neck restriction,urethral stricture and hematuria. Best therapeutic approach should be chosen according to different causes of the late complications after TURP.

Objective To investigate the effects of ligustrazine (TMP) combined with salvia miltiorrhiza on the progression of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) in rats and the action mechanism.Methods Fischer 344 rats and Lewis rats were used as renal transplant recipients and donors for ortlotopic kidney transplantation. The CAN model was established.By using random number table,the kidney transplant recipients were divided into five groups:cyclosporine A (CsA) group (A),TMP + CsA group (B),Salvia + CsA group (C),TMP + Salvia + CsA group (D) and blank control group (E,receiving no treatment).At 2nd,4th,6th,8th and 12th week after operation,5 mice in each group were sacrificed,and the transplanted kidney was removed for examination of renal histopathological changes. The immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the renal allograts,and by using fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction,TGF-β1 mRNA expression in the renal allograts assayed.Results In blank control group,the survival time was no more than two weeks.In group A,the CAN pathological changes occurred at 4th week postoperation,those in group B and group C occurred later than in group A,and latest in group D with mild pathological lesions.In all groups after operation,Banff scores showed an upward trend,and at the same time point,those in group A were significantly higher than groups B,C and D ( P＜0.05 and P＜0.01 ).and those in group D was significantly lower than in group B and group C (P＜0.05),but no significant difference was found between group B and group C (P＞0.05).With time over,the TGF-β1 expression intensity showed an increasing trend.At the same time point,TGF-β1 expression intensity in group A was strongest among groups A,B,C and D (P＜0.05 and P＜0.01 ),and that in group D was significantly lower than in group B and group C (P＜0.05),but no significant difference was found between group B and group C (P＞00.05).The changes of TGF-β1mRNA expression pattem in each group showed the same trends as TGF-β1 protein expression.Conclusion TMP or salvia miltiorrhiza can delay the progression of CAN in kidney transplant rats by down-regulating the TGF-β1 expression,and the combined use of them exerts synergic effects.

Objective To investigate the relationship between chest radiographic changes and clinical manifestations in patients with scrub typhus in Guangdong area.MethodsA total of 148 cases of scrub typhus admitted to First Affiliated Hospital of Ji′nan University,Guangzhou Eighth People′s Hospital and the Second People′s Hospital of Yuebei between 1999 and 2010 was retrospectively reviewed.The patients were divided into two groups based on the findings of the chest X-rays (with or without radiographic abnormalities).Furthermore,the clinical characteristics and prognosis in two groups were compared.The statistical analysis was done using t test,chi-square test or Fisher′s exact test.ResultsChest X-rays showed abnormalities in 66 (44.6％) cases,and the chest X-ray features were diverse.The incidences of cough,severe thrombocytopenia,hypoalbuminemia,shock,acute respiratory failure,jaundice and acute renal failure were all significantly increased in group of patients with chest X-rays abnormalities compared with the other group of patients without chest X-rays abnormalities (χ2 =18.193,6.872,17.138,5.608,4.318,7.982 and 7.932,respectively; all P＜0.05).The hospitalization day was longer in patients with chest X-rays abnormalities compared with the patients without chest X-rays abnormalities,but there was no statistical difference [(11.7±7.1)d vs (9.9±5.0)d,t=1.717; P=0.088)],while the mortality was higher(6.1 ％ vs 0; Fisher′s exact test,P =0.038).Conclusions The clinical manifestations of the patients with scrub typhus are diverse,and the presence of abnormal chest X-rays is shown to be associated with the disease severity.Physicians should have the awareness of scrub typhus to make the diagnosis and treatment properly.

Objective To explore a novel long-circulating dual-receptor targeting and dual-modal molecular probe and investigate its physicochemical properties and targeting effect on breast cancer cells in vitro. Methods Dual-receptor targeting and dual-modal molecular probe RGD@BBN-lipo(QDs)-SPIO was synthesized in the following steps: long-circulating liposome was prepared by film dispersion method;water-soluble superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and Quantum dots (QDs) were loaded in the hydrophilic and hydrophobic layer of liposome, respectively;RGD and BBN polypeptides were coupled on the former functional magnetic/fluorescent liposomes. Stability of the probe in different physiological solutions was investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size analyzer were used to measure nanoparticle sizes and the Zeta potential. Characterization of RGD and BBN was investigated through 1H-NMR and elemental analysis. The MRI T2 relaxivities (1/T2) of RGD@BBN-lipo(QDs)-SPIO was measured through T2 map scanning on 3.0 T MR system. HUV-EC-C cells were used for assessment of cells viability by MTS assay. Prussian blue staining and fluorescence imaging were carried out to determine the targeted breast cellular uptake of RGD@BBN-lipo(QDs)-SPIO nanoparticles. Results The targeting magnetic/fluorescent dual-model molecular probes appeared spherical or para-spherical,with a mean diameter of(118.2±3.9)nm,Zeta potential of (-24.78±1.68) mV,MR T2 magnetic relaxation rate of 0.498 1× 106 M-1 · s-1.RGD and BBN polypeptides were successfully coupled on the former functionally magnetic/fluorescent liposomes with the bind rates of 33.05%and 45.06%, respectively. There was low cytotoxity of the molecular probe on human umbilical vein endothelical cells(HUV-EC-C)by MTS study. Prussian blue staining and fluorescence imaging studies showed that the RGD@BBN-lipo(QDs)-SPIO nanoparticles could target any αvβ3 or gastrin releasing peptide receptor overexpression breast cancer. Conclusions RGD@BBN-lipo(QDs)-SPIO is a novel long-circulating dual-receptor targeting and dual-modal molecular probe and has excellent physicochemical properties and stability, high T2 relaxivities and strong targeting effect on cancer cells and has laid a solid foundation for early diagnosis of breast cancer.