Objective To study whether the inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase can inhibit the proliferation of human lens epithelial cells and to investigate which isoforms of NOX, one of the subunits of NADPH oxidase, are expressed in human lens epithelial cells at mRNA level. Design Experimental study. Participants Human lens epithelial cells (SRA 01/04). Methods The cells were divided into four groups: EGF group was added with EGF in SRA 01/04, DPI group was added with the inhibitor of NADPH oxidase-diphenylene iodonium (DPI), DPI +EGF group was added with EGF after DPI and control group was added with nothing. Using Microplate reader and Cell Counting Kit-8 to determine OD450 value of SRA 01/04 of each group. The ex- pression of NOX family, including NOX1, NOX2 or gp91phox, NOX3, NOX4 and NOX5, was detected with RT-PCR. The RT-PCR products were sequenced to confirm their identities by NCBI BLAST. Main Outcome Measures OD450 of SRA 01/04, expression of NOX and their sequence alignments with other human tissues. Results After added with CCK-8 for 3.5 h, the OD450 value of EGF group increased 12.0% compared with control group (P=0.000). The OD450 value of DPI group decreased 25.5% compared with control group (P=0.000). The OD450 value of DPI+EGF group decreased 26.1% compared with EGF group (P=0.000). RT-PCR using primers specific for mRNAs of the five isoforms of the NOX proteins documented that mRNA encoding NOX1 through NOX5 were constitutively present in SRA 01/04 cells. The similarity of sequences of NOX1-NOX5 in human lens epithelial cells with other human tissues was 100%, 100%, 99.7%, 100% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions NADPH oxidase complex could promote cell proliferation in human lens epithelial cells. SRA 01/04 cells constitutively produced mRNA encoding five isoforms of NOX proteins, NOX1 was much weaker than the other four NOXs.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of indigenous 2019-nCoV infection in population under 18 years old in 31 provinces of China, and provide evidence for the prevention and control of COVID-19.Method:Demographic and epidemiologic information of children and adolescents with 2019-nCoV infection reported in China between April 29, 2020 and May 31, 2022 were collected from China's Disease Prevention and Control Information System. We analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of the 2019-nCoV infection in children and adolescents and compared the epidemiological characteristics of the cases at different epidemic stages.Result:A total of 63 916 indigenous 2019-nCoV infection cases in children and adolescents were reported in China from April 29, 2020 to May 31, 2022, in which 14 777 (23.12%) were confirmed cases and 49 139 (76.88%) were asymptomatic cases. An obvious incidence peak (40 864 cases) was observed in April, 2022, and two sub-peaks were observed in January, 2020 and January, 2021, respectively. The 2019-nCoV infection cases occurred in 187 cities above prefecture level in 30 provinces, the cases reported in Shanghai (41 562 cases), Changchun (5 753 cases) and Jilin (3 888 cases) accounted for 80.11% of the total cases (51 203/63 916). The proportion of the cases in males was 54.34%. The age of the cases, M ( Q1, Q3) was 10 (5, 14) years, and 57.73% of the cases were 6 - 15 years old. The cases in students accounted for the highest proportion (56.14%). The interval between illness onset and diagnosis of confirmed cases, M ( Q1, Q3) was 1 (0, 2) days. Among the 2019-nCoV infection cases in children and adolescents, 76.88% were asymptomatic, 21.78% were mild ones, 1.32% were moderately severe ones, 0.02% were severe ones, and there were no critical cases and deaths. Compared with other age groups, the proportion of severe or critical cases was higher in children aged <1 year (0.12%). The proportion of asymptomatic infections was highest in Omicron variant epidemic (78.43%). Conclusion:The 2019-nCoV infection cases in children and adolescents aged <18 years in 31 provinces in China were mainly primary and secondary school students aged 6-15 years. Most cases were asymptomatic and mild ones with low clinical severity. It is still necessary to strengthen the surveillance for 2019-nCoV infection in children and adolescents to improve the prevention and control of COVID-19 in school age children.

Influenza imposes a significant disease burden on society and individuals annually, and influenza vaccination is considered a significant public health measure to prevent influenza and reduce influenza-related severe disease and death. The low influenza vaccination rate in China is partly due to certain factors affecting the willingness and behavior of individuals to receive them. Scientific research and targeted interventions on these factors can effectively improve the vaccination situation. Commonly used individual-level theoretical models for influenza vaccination behavior include the health belief model, protection motivation theory, and theory of planned behavior. This study reviews theoretical models commonly employed in researching influenza vaccination willingness and behavior. An overview of these practical applications and challenges models is presented to provide references for relevant research and intervention programs in China.