STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Fracture of composite resin core will be occurred by progress of crack. Bonding interface of different materials has large possibility of starting point of crack line. Therefore, the bond strength of glass fiber post to composite resin core is important for prevention of fracture. Purpose: This in vitrostudy tried to find out how to get the higher strength of glass fiber post to composite resin core through surveying the maximum load that fractures the post and core complex. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 40 specimens made with glass fiber Posts(Style post(R), Metalor, Swiss) and composite resin core(Z-100(R), 3M, USA) were prepared and loaded to failure with push-out type shear-bond strength test in a universal test machine. The maximum fracture load and fracture mode were investigated in the specimens that were restored with four different surface treatments. With the data, ANOVA test was used to validate the significance between the test groups, and Bonferroni method was used to check if there is any significant statistical difference between each test group. Every analysis was approved with 95% reliance. RESULTS: On measuring the maximum fracture load of specimens, both the treatments of sandblasted and acid-etched one statistically showed the strength increase rather than the control group(p<0.005). The scanning electric microscope revealed that sand blasting made more micro-retention form not only on the resin matrix but on the glass fiber, and acid-etching contributed to increase in surface retention form, eliminated the inorganic particles in resin matrix. Specimen fracture modes investigation represented that sand blasted groups showed lower bonding failure than no-sand blasted groups. CONCLUSION: Referring to the values of maximum fracture load of specimens, the bonding strength was increased by sand blasting and acid-etching.
Glass* ; Silicon Dioxide

To obtain the useful information for the status of working environment and health management of workers in manufacturing industries, comparision of results on the status of working environmental and health management of workers for 32 manufacturing industries in Chunam area from 1988 to 1989 was carried out. The results were as follows: 1. The rate of over-PEL(Permissible Exposure Limit) to for hazardous factors decreased significantly 23.5% in 1988, 18.3% in 1989 (p<0.05) and, the highest rate of over-PEL was the stone and sand handling industry, the highest rate of over-PEL was the dusty worplace as 38.5% in 1988, 35.2% in 1989. 2. The rate of workers exposed to hazardous factors in 1988 and in 1989 was 22.4% respectively, the rate of workers checked up special health examination was 40.1% in 1988, 75.3% in 1989. In stone and sand handling an dmedicochemical industries, none of workers exposed to hazardous factors was subjected to special health examination in 1988, but 75% of workers exposed to hazardous factors had checked up in 1989. 3. The 6 industries appointed as part-time factory physician among 17 industries which were supposed to have factory physician according to the Safety and Healthy Act of Korea, 6 out of 24 industries only appointed industrial hygienist, furthermore 4 out of 6 hygienists had another duty in addition to occupational hygiene itself.
Hygiene ; Korea ; Silicon Dioxide

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated microtensile bond strength (microTBS) and short-rod fracture toughness to explain fractural behavior of repaired composite restorations according to different surface treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty composite blocks for microTBS test and sixty short-rod specimens for fracture toughness test were fabricated and were allocated to 3 groups according to the combination of surface treatment (none-treated, sand blasting, bur roughening). Each group was repaired immediately and 2 weeks later. Twenty-four hours later from repair, microTBS and fracture toughness test were conducted. Mean values analyzed with two-way ANOVA / Tukey's B test (alpha = 0.05) and correlation analysis was done between microTBS and fracture toughness. FE-SEM was employed on fractured surface to examine the crack propagation. RESULTS: The fresh composite resin showed higher microTBS than the aged composite resin (p < 0.001). Mechanically treated groups showed higher bond strength than non-mechanically treated groups except none-treated fresh group in microTBS (p < 0.05). The fracture toughness value of mechanically treated surface was higher than that of non-mechanically treated surface (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between fracture toughness and microtensile bond strength values. Specimens having high KIC showed toughening mechanism including crack deviation, microcracks and crack bridging in FE-SEM. CONCLUSIONS: Surface treatment by mechanical interlock is more important for effective composite repair, and the fracture toughness test could be used as an appropriate tool to examine the fractural behavior of the repaired composite with microtensile bond strength.
Aged ; Humans ; Silicon Dioxide

No abstract available.
Humans ; Outpatients* ; Silicon Dioxide*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of applying Silano-pen to feldspathic porcelain and zirconia on shear bond strength with composite resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Feldspathic porcelain and zirconia specimens were produced into 30 per each 2 mm thick and 12 mm in diameter and their surface was made smooth and even and then embedded in acrylic resin. The specimens were divided into each Group F (Feldspathic porcelain) and Group Z (Zirconia), (1) Hydrofluoric acid etching and silane (F1 & Z1), (2) Silano-pen and silane (F2 & Z2), (3) Hydrofluoric acid etching and Silano-pen, silane (F3 & Z3). After surface conditioning, substrate surfaces of the specimen were examined by SEM. Composite resin cylinders (2 mm high, 3 mm in diameter)were bonded to specimen and shear bond strength between ceramic and composite resin was measured by using universal testing machine. The measured values were statistically analyzed by using two way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: In the scanning electron micrograph of the treated ceramic surface, Group F2 and F3 appeared the high roughness and Group Z3 appeared the highest density of silica particle. In Feldspathic porcelain, the result of measuring shear bond strength showed that Group F3 was measured to be highest and Group F1 was measured to be lowest but there was no statistical significance among Groups. In zirconia, Group Z3 was measured to be highest and Group Z1 was measured to be lowest and there was statistical significance among Groups (P<.05). CONCLUSION: In zirconia, applying hydrofluoric acid etching and then Silano-pen and silane is effective for composite resin adhesion.
Ceramics ; Dental Porcelain* ; Hydrofluoric Acid ; Silicon Dioxide

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate four different polishing systems of their polishability and polishing time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 4 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness Teflon mold was made. Z-250 (3M ESPE) hybrid composite resin was slightly overfilled and pressed with slide glass and cured with Optilux 501 for 40 sec each side. Then the surface roughness (glass pressed: control group) was measured with profilometer. One surface of the specimen was roughened by #320 grit sand paper and polished with one of the following polishing systems; Sof-Lex (3M ESPE), Jiffy (Ultradent), Enhance (Dentsply/Caulk), or Pogo (Dentsply/Caulk). The surface roughness and the total polishing time were measured. The results were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. RESULTS: The surface roughness was lowest in Pogo, and highest in Sof-Lex. Polishing times were shortest with Pogo, and followed by the Sof-Lex, Enhance and Jiffy. CONCLUSIONS: One-step polishing system (Pogo) is very effective to get the smooth surface in a short time, therefore it can be recommended for final polishing system of the restoration.
Chimera ; Fungi ; Glass ; Polytetrafluoroethylene ; Silicon Dioxide

No abstract available.
Animals ; Coal* ; Dust* ; Lung* ; Rats* ; Silicon Dioxide*

PURPOSE: To explore the influence of different surface conditionings on surface changes and the influence of surface treatments and aging on the bond strengths of composites to non-aged and aged resin nanoceramics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rectangular-shaped non-aged and aged (5000 thermocycles) resin nanoceramic specimens (Lava Ultimate) (n=63, each) were divided into 3 groups according to surface treatments (untreated, air abrasion, or silica coating) (n=21). The surface roughness was measured and scanning electron microscopy was used to examine one specimen from each group. Afterwards, the specimens were repaired with a composite resin (Filtek Z550) and half were sent for aging (5000 thermocycles, n=10, each). Shear bond strengths and failure types were evaluated. Roughness and bond strength were investigated by two- and three-way analysis of variance, respectively. The correlation between the roughness and bond strength was investigated by Pearson's correlation test. RESULTS: Surface-treated samples had higher roughness compared with the untreated specimens (P=.000). For the non-aged resin nanoceramic groups, aging was a significant factor for bond strength; for the aged resin nanoceramic groups, surface treatment and aging were significant factors. The failures were mostly adhesive after thermal cycling, except in the non-aged untreated group and the aged air-abraded group, which had mostly mixed failures. Roughness and bond strength were positively correlated (P=.003). CONCLUSION: Surface treatment is not required for the repair of non-aged resin nanoceramic; for the repair of aged resin nanoceramic restorations, air abrasion is recommended.
Adhesives ; Aging ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Silicon Dioxide

OBJECTIVEThis work is an evaluation of the efficiency of a sand-gravel or unwoven fabric bed system and Lolium perenne Lam as plant biofilter in the reduction of solids and nutrients removal from aquaculture discharge water.

METHODSThe first step consisted of the collection of wastewater in the tank and the distribution at three different hydraulic loading regimes (0.5, 1, 1.5 L/hour) to the different experimental systems. The second step was to evaluate the performance of the different systems. The first system consisted of a bucket filled with a substrate of sand/gravel (20 cm in depth), on the bottom of which was a 80 mesh/inch2 of nylon (S1); the second was similar, but was planted with Lolium perenne lam (S2); the third was planted with a grass plate consisting of 7 layers of unwoven fabric planted with L perenne (S3).

RESULTSThe second system showed the best performance in reducing solids as well as in nutrients (TN, TP, and COD) reduction. The removal rates for TS, TN, and TP were negatively correlated with the loading regimes, with 0.5 L/hour being the most efficient and thus taken as the reference.

CONCLUSIONSSolids management using a sand/gravel substrate as bed culture and Lolium perenne L. as plant biofilter has proved to be an efficient technique for solids reduction with low operating cost. This grass plays an important role in wastewater eco-treatment by absorbing dissolved pollutants (TAN) as nutrients for its growth.

PURPOSE: Many studies have shown that airborne-particle abrasion of fiber post can improve the bonding strength to resin cement. But, airborne-particle abrasion may influence the property of fiber post. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of airborne-particle abrasion on flexural strength of fiber post. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two fiber-reinforced posts; DT Light Post Size 2 (1.8 mm diameter, Bisco Inc) and RelyX Fiber Post Size 3 (1.9 mm diameter, 3M ESPE); were used in this study. Each group was divided into 3 subgroups according to different surface treatments; without pretreatment: 50 µm aluminum oxide (Cobra®, Renfert): and 30 µm aluminum oxide modified with silica (Rocatec Soft®, 3M ESPE). After airborne-particle abrasion procedure, three-point bending test was done to determine the flexural strength and flexural modulus. The diameter of each posts was measured to an accuracy of 0.01 mm using a digital micrometer. There was no diameter change before and after airborneparticle abrasion. The mean flexural moduli and flexural strengths calculated using the appropriate equations. The results were statistically analyzed using One-way ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc test at 95% confidencial level. RESULTS: There was no significant difference on flexural strength between groups. CONCLUSION: In the limitation of this study, flexural strength and flexural modulus of fiber post are not affected by airborne-particle abrasion.
Aluminum Oxide ; Resin Cements ; Silicon Dioxide