Though CT scan is the main diagnostic method of pancreatic diseases, it is less than satisfying in ear-ly diagnosis and differential diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. As a new technology, pancreatic CT perfusion imaging shows abnormal blood perfusion caused by local pathological changes, by mean of measuring parameters BF, BV, PS, etc. Used in imaging diagnosis, CT perfusion imaging can improve early diagnosis ability and raise the accuracy of differential diagnosis. Accordingly, the prospect of pancreatic CT perfusion imaging is promising.

Objective To describe the hemodynamic characteristics of normal pancreas and pancreatic tumors by 64 slices helical CT perfusion imaging, to evaluate the role of CT perfusion in the diagnosis of pancreatic tumors. Methods Perfusion CT scan was performed in 149 patients, including 36 patients with normal pancreas, 105 patients with pancreatic tumors and 8 patients with duodenal papillary carcinoma. The parameters including blood flow (BF) ,blood volume (BV) and permeability surface area product (PS) were measured. Results The mean value of BF, BV and PS of normal pancreas were (135.24±48.36) ml· min-1·kg-1, (200.55±54.96)ml/kg and (49.75±24.27) ml·min-1·kg-1, respectively. Pancreatic carcinoma has a lower BF, BV and PS,whieh were 31.77±19.36 ml·min-1· kg-1, (66.84±39.49)ml/kg and (37.64±27.14) ml·min-1·kg-1, respectively. The aforementioned parameters in pancreatic cysts were close to zero. The parameters in pancreatic carcinoma were significantly lower than those in normal pancreas(P<0.05); the BF and BV in duodenal papillary carcinoma were significantly lower than those in normal pancreas(P<0.05), while the value of PS was not significantly different from that in normal pancreas; the aforementioned parameters in pancreatic cysts were significantly different from those in normal pancreas(P <0.01). Conclusions In perfu sion CT, normal pancreas was an organ with symmetrical BF,BV and PS. Pancreatic carcinoma was a tumor with low perfusion and decreased PS. Duodenal papillary carcinoma had decreased BF and BV with no significant change in PS. Pancreatic cyst had no blood perfusion. The 64 slice helical CT peffusion imaging was invaluable in differential diagnosis of pancreatic tumors.

Objective To survey the biliary flora in patients with obstructive jaundice due to pancreatic head cancer,also the multiple factors which affect the positive findings of bile culture in these patients.Methods The information of 65 patients with obstruetive jaundice due to pancreatic head eancer,who admitted to surgery in Huashan Hospital from Oetober 2007 to October 2008 were reviewed retrospectively.The factors which may potentially affect the detection of bile pathogen in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice were studied with univarite analysis and muhivariate analysis,including age,history of biliary surgery,yellow stained time,serum alanihe aminotransferase level,serum bilirubin level,CA19-9 level,tumor size,site of obstruction,with or without clinical manifestations of biliary infection,and APACHE Ⅱ score.Results Twenty-five positive cultures happened in 65 bile samples (38.5％),including 21 strains of Gram-negative baeilli (72.4％),6 strains of Gram-positive bacteria (20.7％),and 2 strains of fungi (6.9％).Univariate analysis showed that the relevant factors which may affect the rate of positive bile culture in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice were age,history of biliary surgery,biliary obstruction site,biliary tract infection symptoms and APACHE Ⅱ score.Multivariate analysis showed that age,history of biliary surgery,biliary obstruction site and APACHE Ⅱ seore were independent risk factors.Conctusion Age,history of biliary surgery,biliary obstruction site and APACHE Ⅱ score were independent risk factors which led to positive findings of bile cultures in patients with obstructive jaundice due to pancreatic head cancer.

ObjectiveTo investigate the accuracy of three laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) difficulty score systems (DSSs) in evaluating surgical difficulty and predicting short-term postoperative outcome. MethodsThe retrospective cohort study was conducted for 142 patients who underwent LLR in The First Hospital of Lanzhou University from June 2015 to May 2020, and their preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative clinical data were collected. According to preoperative clinical data, DSS-B score, Hasegawa score, and Halls score were used to determine the difficulty score of surgery for each patient, and then the patients were divided into low, medium, and high difficulty groups. Intraoperative data were compared between the three groups to verify the accuracy of the three DSSs, and postoperative clinical data were used to evaluate the ability of DSSs to predict short-term postoperative outcome. An analysis of variance was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups; the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between multiple or two groups. The chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups, and the Bonferroni method was used for correction of P values between two groups. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the efficiency of each DSS in predicting postoperative complications. ResultsAmong the 142 patients, there were 37 patients in the low difficulty group, 56 in the medium difficulty group, and 49 in the high difficulty group based on DSS-B score; there were 70 patients in the low difficulty group, 47 in the medium difficulty group, and 25 in the high difficulty group based on Hasegawa score; there were 46 patients in the low difficulty group, 62 in the medium difficulty group, and 34 in the high difficulty group based on Halls score. For the low, medium, and high difficulty groups based on DSS-B score, Hasegawa score, or Halls score, time of operation, intraoperative blood loss, and rate of hepatic portal occlusion increased with the increase in difficulty score (all P＜0.001); there was a significant difference in intraoperative blood transfusion rate between the medium and high difficulty groups based on DSS-B score (P＜0.017), between the low and high difficulty groups based on Halls score (P＜0.017), and between the low, medium, and high difficulty groups based on Hasegawa score (P＜0.017). There was a significant difference in the rate of conversion to laparotomy between the medium and high difficulty groups based on DSS-B score (P＜0.017), and Hasegawa score and Halls score identified the difference between the low and high difficulty groups (P＜0.017). For the length of postoperative hospital stay, DSS-B score and Halls score only identified the difference between the low and high difficulty groups (P＜0.05), while Hasegawa score identified the difference between the low difficulty group and the medium/high difficulty groups (P＜0.05); for the incidence rate of postoperative complications, only Hasegawa score effectively identified the difference between the high difficulty group and the low/medium difficulty groups (P＜0.017). DSS-B score, Halls score, and Hasegawa score had an AUC of 0.636 (95% confidence interval ［CI］: 0.515-0.758), 0.557 (95% CI: 0.442-0.673), and 0.760 (95% CI: 0.654-0.866), respectively, in predicting postoperative complications, among which Hasegawa score had the highest predictive efficiency. ConclusionDSS-B score and Hasegawa score can better assess the difficulty of LLR, and Hasegawa score has an advantage in predicting short-term postoperative outcome.

Objective To compare the diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) for solid pancreatic masses performed with three different needle types through the cytological results.Methods All patients with solid pancreatic masses larger than 2cm from December 2010 to May 2011 were enrolled,and divided into two groups according to different access of EUS-FNA,trans-gastric approach with 19-,22-and 25-gauge needles (n =42) and trans-duodenal approach with 22-and 25-gauge needles (n =10).In both groups,EUS-FNA was performed with randomization of needle types.During the puncture,the suction,the number of movements,and the depth of insertion were fixed.At the end of the puncture,a liquid-based cytological (LBC) preparation was used to fix the specimen.One cytopathologists was assigned to make the diagnosis and comparison.Results Technical success was 100％ and no procedure related complications occurred.No statistically significant differences were observed in different needles in terms of all cytological parameters between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).However,the 25-gauge needle showed a trend towards a higher sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value and accuracy.Conclusion There is no significant difference in yield of cytological results between different needle types,although 25-gauge needle shows a relative superiority.

ObjectiveTo study the characteristics and the impact of lymph node metastasis on radical resection for pancreatic head cancer to provide a theoretical basis for lymphadenectomy in radical resection.To study the reliability of using a surgical microscope to detect lymph nodes in radically resected specimens of pancreatic head cancer.MethodsLymph nodes in the specimens after radical pancreaticoduodeneetomy (pancreaticoduodenectomy + D2 regional lymphadenectomy) were identified using a surgical microscope and they were grouped using the JPS standard.The position and the frequency of the lymph nodes retrieved,and their association with other clinicopathologic factors were analysed.The results were compared with the data published in 2004 on 46 patients to evaluate the reliability of using a surgical microscope.ResultsLymph node metastasis was detected histopathologically in 101 patients (67.3％).The median number of lymph nodes retrieved in the specimens as detected using the surgical microscope was 38.2.The most commonly involved lymph node groups were No.13 (64.5％),No.14 (51.7％),No.17 (38.6％),No.12 (25.8％),No.16 (20.8％).Lymph node metastasis was significantly associated with tumour T stage,tumour invasion and differentiation,preoperative serum level of CA19-9 and CA72-4,but not with patient age,sex,or tumour location.There were no significant differences between the results and the data of the previous study in 2004.ConclusionsExtended lymphadenectomy is necessary because extensive lymph node metastasis was common.Surgical microscopy is an effective and reliable method to detect lymph nodes in resected specimens of pancreatic head cancer for accurate pathologic staging.

Objective To investigate the effect of the amputation order of pulmonary artery and pulmonary artery on pulmonary residual blood volume in total thoracoscopic lobectomy.Methods Sixtyeight patients who were scheduled to underwent total thoracoscopic lobectomy from June 2015 to April 2019 in Beijing Aerospace General Hospital were selected.The patients were divided into first amputation pulmonary artery group and first amputation pulmonary vein group by random envelope method with 34 cases in each group.Five cases in first amputation pulmonary artery group and 4 cases in first amputation pulmonary vein group were excluded because of the procedure modification or the fragmentation of the specimen during the course of operation.In the end,29 cases were enrolled in first amputation pulmonary artery group and 30 cases in first amputation pulmonary vein group.In first amputation pulmonary vein group,all arteries were ligated before interruption of the veins;and in first amputation pulmonary artery group had a reverse sequence.The perioperative period status were recorded,and the crude pulmonary quality,dry pulmonary quality,pulmonary residual blood volume and adjusted pulmonary residual blood ratio were measured or calculated.Results All 59 patients were operated successfully.No serious complications occurred,no perioperative death occurred,and no patients needed blood transfusion.There was no statistical difference in the incidence of minor complications between first amputation pulmonary artery group and first amputation pulmonary vein group:27.6％ (8/29) vs.33.3％ (10/30),P＞0.05.There were no statistical differences in operative time,transoperative bleeding volume,pulmonary residual blood volume,crude pulmonary quality,dry pulmonary quality,adjusted pulmonary residual blood ratio,hemoglobin difference before and after surgery,postoperative drainage time and postoperative hospitalization time between 2 groups (P＞0.05).Conclusions The amputation order of pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein sequence of vessel interruption during total thoracoscopic lobectomy has no effect on the pulmonary residual blood volume,can be reasonably selected according to the intraoperative situation.

Objective To summarize the experience with cadaveric renal transplantation for improving the long-term survival rate of the recipients.Methods The clinical data of 1210 cases(773 men and 437 women;age range,6-75 years) of cadaveric kidney transplantation from 1986 to 2003 were analyzed retrospectively,including the resection of the donor's kidneys,surgical techniques,use of immunosuppressants,and complications.The 1210 patients underwent renal transplantation for most of them(1047 cases) suffered from chronic glomerulonephritis.Lymphocytotoxicity test was performed in 1210 cases with all

Objective To discuss the application of endoscopic ultrasound-guided needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy ( EUS-nCLE) in the diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasms. Methods Patients with pancreatic neoplasms were diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasonography and punctured by 19 G needle, and then the confocal microprobe was implanted through the needle. The lesions nature was estimated according to obtained images. The diagnostic yield and complication was evaluated and compared with pathology. Results A total of 28 patients successfully underwent EUS-nCLE, and high quality images were obtained in all patients. The final diagnosis were 5 cases of serous cystadenoma ( SCN ) , 3 cases of mucinous cystadenoma, 3 cases of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms ( IPMN) , 1 case of pseudocyst, 10 cases of ductal adenocarcinoma, 1 case of neuroendocrine tumor, 2 cases of solid pseudopapillary tumor, 2 cases of chronic pancreatitis, and 1 cases of lymphoma. The diagnostic yield in 26 patients with pathology was 73. 1%(19/26) and the specificity of SCN and IPMN was 100%(7/7). The complications, mostly pancreatitis and intracystic hemorrhage, occurred in 10. 7% ( 3/28) patients. Conclusion EUS-nCLE is a safe and feasible method in the diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasms, and shows high specificity in SCN and IPMN.

Objective To assess the prognostic value of C-reactive protein/albumin (CRP/Alb) ratio in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).Methods The study comprised 406 ccRCC patients undergoing nephrectomy between January 2003 and December 2012 in our hospital.There were 253 males and 153 females,aged 24-80 years,with a median age of 58 years.There were 355 cases with TNM Ⅰ stage,38 cases with Ⅱ stage,30 cases with Ⅲ stage,3 cases with Ⅳ stage.There were 376 cases with tumor necrosis and 40 cases without tumor necrosis.There were 395 cases of vascular invasion,21 cases without vessel invasion.The correlations among the pretreatment CRP/Alb ratio,clinicopathological parameters,and overall survival (OS) were evaluated.We compared the prognostic value of the CRP/Alb ratio with GPS and mGPS using the area under the curve (AUC).Results CRP/Alb ratio was associated with age at surgery (P =0.007),TNM stage (P ＜ 0.001),tumor necrosis (P ＜ 0.001) and lymphovascular invasion (P ＜ 0.001),and OS (P ＜ 0.001).The multivariate analysis confirmed that the CRP/Alb ratio independently predicted the OS of patients with ccRCC (P ＜ 0.001),the Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) (P =0.001) and modified GPS (mGPS) (P =0.019) were also independent prognostic factors.For predicting 3-year survival,the AUC values for CRP/Alb (continuous),CRP/Alb (categorical),GPS and mGPS were 0.88,0.84,0.85,0.80.For predicting 5-year survival,the AUC values for CRP/Alb (continuous),CRP/Alb (categorical),GPS and mGPS were 0.80,0.79,0.76,0.72.The CRP/Alb ratio was superior to GPS and mGPS in predicting the 3-or 5-year survival rate of ccRCC patients.Conclusions The CRP/Alb ratio could be an independent prognostic factor in ccRCC patients.The CRP/Alb ratio could take the place of the GPS and mGPS in terms of predicting prognosis in ccRCC.