OBJECTIVEThis research aims to study the changes in pain threshold and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in a Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model oftrigeminal neuralgia.

METHODSA total of 36 male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: operative, sham-operative, and control. In the operative group, a chronic constriction injury (CCI) was caused by placing loose chromic gut ligatures around the right infraorbital nerve (ION). In the sham-operative group, the right ION was subjected to the same procedure, but without ligation. In the control group, the right ION was not subjected to any treatment. The pain thresholds of the three groups were recorded at different times after the operation. The GDNF expression in each group was analyzed via immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTSAn allodynia to mechanical stimulation in the region of the ligated ION was observed starting on the 2nd week after operation. Pain thresholds started to increase gradually from the 6th week and returned to the original level at the 10th to 12th week after operation. Cells that expressed the GDNF markedly increased in number in the operative group with changes observed at different times.

CONCLUSIONWe use chronic constriction injury to the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION) to establish a trigeminal neuralgia-like animal model in SD rats. GDNF may play a role in regulating pain by promoting the restoration and regeneration of nerve fibers.

Animals ; Constriction ; Disease Models, Animal ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factors ; Hyperalgesia ; Male ; Pain Threshold ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Trigeminal Neuralgia

Non-image forming functions of eyes include the regulation of biological circadian rhythm and biological magnetoreception.Biological magnetoreception means that various organisms including human obtain the direction and position information through the geomagnetic field.Creatures with retina realize magnetoreception regarding retinal cryptochrome as magnetoreceptor.Hypotheses of magnetoreception contain the radical-pair theory and the biological compass theory.The two theories both reckon retinal elements as possible receptor protein of magnetoreception, and eyes as receptor organ.The radical-pair theory suggests that change of radical spin influences the structure of retinal cryptochrome, leading to different downstream chemical reaction products, which makes the variable magnetic field information perceivable.And the biological compass theory proposes a rod-like complex composed of polymerized cryptochromes and magnetoreceptor proteins, which can point to different directions due to light and magnetic signals.These changes in retina transmit geomagnetic field signal to the brain, and then sense of direction is formed.Researching biological magnetoreception promotes a novel perspective in the diagnosis and treatment of eye and brain diseases, and brings innovation in magnetic material field.In this article, non-image forming functions of eyes, hypotheses of magnetoreception and possible mechanism of non-image forming functions of eyes in magnetoreception were reviewed.

Objective:To study the physical activity level and its influence factors among residents in one suburb of Beijing,so as to provide specific interventions for different people in different circum-stances and to provide reference for health relevant policy-making in the future.Methods:In the study, 7 31 9 subjects aged 1 8 years or above were involved.The self-designed questionnaires based on Health Belief Model (HBM)had acceptable validity and reliability.The physical activity levels were calculated to classify sufficient or insufficient amount by a thousand-step equivalent greater than or equal to 6 or 1 0. Multiple variable Logistic regression was used to explore the influence factors of the physical activity among the residents.Results:The residents’median amount of physical activity in the suburb district of Beijing were 9.1 thousand-step equivalent with quartile of (3.8,20.4).The percentages of the thou-sand-step equivalent greater than or equal to 6 or 1 0 were 63.7% and 47.7%,respectively.The median amounts of physical activity from work or household chores,transportation and recreation physical activi-ties were 4.0,1 .0,0.0 and the components of the total amount of physical activity from those were 61 .7%,1 8.3% and 20.1 %,respectively.There were 8.6% residents whose life did notinvolve moder-ate or vigorous intensity activities.By using factor analysis,five factors were extracted from the scale based on the HBM;These factors together contributed to 63.7% of the sum of the squared loadings.The differences of physical activity levels on education level,age,gender,self-efficacy,cues,subjective and objective barriers were statistically significant (P <0.05).Those who were female,with older age,lower education level,higher self-efficacy,fewer cues,fewer subjective and objective barriers preferred to do more physical activities.Conclusion:The physical activity levels among the residents in the suburb dis-trict of Beijing are moderate and high,and most amount of physical activities from work or household chores.Those who are male and whose ages are from 1 8 to 29 years and whose education levels are of university or above should be focused on intervention.Specific interventions should be developed for dif-ferent people in different situations;More attention should be paid to improve the residents’self-efficacy and reduce the subjective and objective barriers of physical activity,and we also should actively advocate people to have more leisure exercise so as to improve the physical activity level among all residents.

Objective:To explore the early prognosis on patient of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) combined with different degrees of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) undertake lung transplantation (LTx).Methods:From January 2017 to December 2020, the clinical data of 134 patients with IPF who underwent LTx in Wuxi People's Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. According to the average pulmonary artery pressure detected by right cardiac catheter before operation, the patients were divided into mild PAH group (63 cases), moderate PAH group (47 cases) and severe PAH group (24 cases). The donor data and the recipient's preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data were collected; the postoperative survival curve to analyze early survival among the three patient groups.Results:With the increase of pulmonary artery pressure, the rate of abnormal right ventricular function increased, the end diastolic diameter of left ventricle decreased before operation, and the rate of using veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO) increased during the surgery ( P<0.05). Multivariate analysis found that combined severe PAH had significant effects on primary graft dysfunction (Primary graft dysfunction, PGD), retracheal intubation or tracheotomy, hypovolemic shock within 72 h, and 6-month survival after LTx. The survival surve showed that 30-day survival rates of patients with IPF complicated with mild, moderate and severe PAH were 85.7%, 80.8% and 66.7% respectively, and the 6-month survival rates were 80.9%, 74.0% and 62.2%, respectively. Conclusion:Patient of IPF combined with different degrees of PAH had a significant impact on cardiac function and intraoperative ECMO selection of LTx, and severe PAH could significantly reduce the early survival rate after LTx.

Objective To assess and compare the incidence,clinical characteristics,treatment,and prognosis of acute heart failure patients from different grades hospitals in Beijing.Methods In this prospective internet prognosis registered study (Beijing AHF Registry),a total of 3 335 consecutive patients admitted to 14 emergency departments in Beijing from January 1st 2011 to September 23rd 2012 were enrolled.According to hospital grade,these patients were divided into two groups,349 patients were from secondary hospitals,and 2 956 patients were from tertiary hospitals.Results Among the 3 335 patients,the medium age was 71 (58,79) years,and male accounted for 53.16％.The most common underlying disease were coronary disease (43.27％),hypertension (17.73％),cardiomyopathy (16.07％) etc.The average treatment time in Emergency Department was 66.82 h.The emergency department mortality rate was 3.81％ (127 cases).The 30-day and 1-year cumulative all-cause mortality were 15.3％ and 32.27％,respectively.The 30-day and 1-year cumulative all-cause readmission were 15.64％ and 46.89％,respectively.Compared with patients in tertiary hospitals,patients in secondary hospitals had more onset acute heart failure patients (63.64％ vs.49.93％),shorter emergency department treatment time (12 h vs.41 h),lower discharge rate (3.43％ vs.37.45％) and emergency department mortality(1.58％ vs.4.09％).Compared with those in tertiary hospitals,1-year cumulative all-cause mortality (25.6％ vs.33.2％),cardiovascular disease mortality (20.2％ vs.26.0％),aggravated heart failure mortality (22.4％ vs.28.8％) were lower in secondary hospitals.Following propensity score matching,compared to tertiary hospitals,patients in secondary hospitals showed lower utilization rate of beta-blockers and ACEFARB (4.51％ vs.28.17％,1.41％ vs.9.58％),except the pironolactone.Conclusion Acute heart failure in emergency department is associated with a high mortality rate and readmission rate.There is still a big gap between guidelines recommend medication current treatments for acute heart failure.

Objective: To explore the risk factors of predicting white matter hyperintensities progression based on radiomics of MRI of whole-brain white matter. Methods: The imaging and clinical data of 152 patients with white matter hyperintensities admitted to Zhejiang People′s Hospital from March 2014 to October 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The whole brain white matter on baseline T₁WI images of each patient were segmented by SPM12 software package, and images of white matter were imported into AK software for texture feature extraction and dimensionality reduction. At last, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO) was used to calculate the score of radiomics signature of each patient. According to the improved Fazekas scale, patients with WMH progression were divided into three groups: any white matter hyperintensities (AWMH), periventricular white matter hyperintensities (PWMH) and deep white matter hyperintensities (DWMH). Statistical differences of clinical factors and radiomics signature between WMH progression subgroups and non-progression subgroups were compared with independent sample t test or Mann-Whitney U test, and Univariate logistic regression was used to select independent clinical risk factors and multivariate logistic regression along with imaging omics tags were used to construct predictive models, which was evaluated by ROC curve. And the correlation between the clinical indicators of independent risk factors and the texture feature of radiomics signature was analyzed. Results: The efficacy of the model for the detection for AWMH progression, PWMH progression and DWMH progression was 0.818,0.778 and 0.824, respectively. Age is an independent risk factor for AWMH progression and DWMH progression[OR(95%CI), 4.776(2.152-10.601) vs. 3.851(1.101-8.245); P<0.05]. BMI is an independent risk factor for DWMH[OR(95%CI), 3.004(1.204-7.370); P<0.05], and hyperlipidemia is an independent risk factor for AWMH and PWMH[OR(95%CI), 4.062(1.834-8.998) vs. 3.549(1.666-7.563); P<0.05]. In AWMH subgroup, Surface Area was negatively correlated with age and low density lipoprotein(LDL) (r=-0.401, -0.312), and Inverse Difference Moment_ALLDirection_offset 1_SD was negatively correlated with age(r=-0.412). In PWMH subgroup, Compactness 1 was negatively correlated with LDL(r=-0.198), and Inverse Difference Moment_angle 0_offset 7 was positively correlated with LDL(r=0.252). In DWMH subgroup, LongRunEmphasis_ALLDirection_offset 7 was negatively correlated with age(r=-0.322), and GLCMEntropy_angle0_offset 4 was negatively correlated with age(r=-0.278). GLCMEntropy_AllDirection_offset4 was negatively correlated with body mass index(r=-0.514). Conclusion Radiomics based on whole-brain white matter MR imaging can predict WMH progression and identify the risk factors in high-risk populations, thus providing early additional information to conventional magnetic resonance imaging to predict WMH progression.

Objectives: To understand the status of studies about influenza economic burden in mainland China and summarize their major results. Methods: The words of influenza, flu, cost, economic, burden, effectiveness, benefit, utility, China, and Chinese, were used as search keywords. Journal papers published during 2000-2018 were searched from Chinese electronic databases (CNKI and Wanfang) and English electronic databases (PubMed, Web of science, EconLit and Cochrane Library). The language of literature was restricted to Chinese and English. A total of 23 effective documents were included, and the descriptive characteristics, research indexes and methods included in the literature were analyzed. The monetary unit used in this review is Chinese Yuan (CNY). Results: The 23 study sites were mainly in the relatively developed and populous regions. The total cost per capita of laboratory-confirmed influenza,of all age-group was reported in 6 literatures, and only 4 literatures reported it in out-patients (range: 768.0-999.9 CNY), Only one study reported this indicator in inpatients (9 832.0 CNY). One literature reported the total cost per capita of influenza-like illness,, which was 205.1 CNY. And one literature reported that the direct medical cost of inpatients per capita in children under 5 years of age was 6 072.0 CNY while two literature reported this index for the elderly over 60 years of age, ranging from 14 250.0 to 19 349.1 CNY. Four articles reported the economic burden of influenza in urban and rural areas, one of which showed that the related expenses of urban influenza inpatients accounted for 31% of the average annual income, while which for the rural flow was 113%. Conclusion The average economic burden of lab-confirmed influenza case is higher than that of influenza-like illness, and there are differences in outpatient indirect expenses and inpatients direct medical expenses. The direct medical burden for the hospitalized 60-years-and-beyond influenza case group is heavier thar other age group. By region, the influenza associated individual economic burden in rural area is higher than that of urban area..

Objective: To systematically review the mortality burden study of influenza in mainland China. Method: "influenza", "flu", "H1N1", "pandemic", "mortality", "death", "fatality", "burden", "China" and "Chinese" were used as keywords, and a systematic literature search was conducted to identify articles in three English databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Embase) and three Chinese database (CNKI, WanFang and VIP) during 1990-2018 (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan). The language of literature was restricted to Chinese and English. The inclusion criteria were human-oriented researches with method based on population, and research indexes included mortality and excess mortality. The exclusion criteria were non-primary research materials, predictive research and research on the burden of avian influenza related deaths. A total of 17 literatures were included, and the basic information to descriptive characteristics, methodology of modeling and the corresponding results were extracted. Results: All the 17 studies adopted indirect statistical models, with 14 of which adopted the regression model, and all the research index was excess mortality. All causes (16 studies), respiratory and circulatory diseases (14 studies) and pneumonia and influenza (10 studies) were the main causes of death associated with influenza. Influenza associated mortality burden in the elderly was higher, with the lowest excess mortality rates of all causes, respiratory and circulatory diseases, pneumonia and influenza being 49.57, 30.80 and 0.69 per 100 000 people, and the highest rates being 228.16, 170.20 and 30.35 per 100 000 people, respectively. In the non-elderly, the corresponding lowest rates were -0.27, -0.08 and 0.04 per 100 000 people respectively, and the highest rates were 3.63, 2.6 and 0.91 per 100 000 people, respectively. The influenza-related excess mortality was higher in the north, with a minimum of 7.8 per 100 000 and a maximum of 18.0 per 100 000, and slightly lower in the south, with a minimum of 6.11 per 100 000 and a maximum of 18.7 per 100 000. There were also differences in deaths caused by different influenza virus subtypes, with influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B virus possibly posing a heavier mortality burden. Conclusions Studies on influenza mortality burden is mainly based on indirect model and urban level in China. The mortality burden of influenza in the elderly, the northern and subtype A(H3N2) and B were more severe.