In order to meet the demand of higher medical education reform and to enhance the re-search capability among medical undergraduates , Capital Medical University carried out a project named undergraduate scientific research and innovation program. In the process of the project , several problems were found in both undergraduates and tutors including lack of document indexing skill , professional English ability , doctor-patient communication consciousness , data statistics and paper writing skills of undergraduates and limited time, insufficient funds and lacking experiences of tutors. Through establish-ing sound and standard training system, increasing scientific research funding, setting up incentive mech-anism and increasing scientific research ability training courses, scientific research ability of undergradu-ates and tutors were firmly strengthened.

Objective To explore the value of CT spinal angiography with 256 MSCT and fast dynamic contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography (CE-MRA) at 3.0 T in the diagnosis of spinal vascular malformations by comparing with results of DSA and operation.MethodsSeventeen patients suspected of spinal vascular diseases by initial MR and clinical manifestations all underwent CT spinal angiography.Of them,10 patients underwent MRA,15 patients underwent DSA within 3-5 days,and 8 patients finally underwent surgical treatment.ResultsCTA examination clearly showed the abnormal vascular lesions in 16 of 17 cases,including 7 cases with the diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula,7 cases of perimedullary arteriovenous fistula,and 2 cases of spinal arteriovenous malformations. The results were consistent with the diagnosis of DSA or surgery.One case was poorly diagnosed.The feeding vessels were correctly determined in 12 cases,and the level of fistulas were correctly displayed in 12 cases.The level of fistulas and feeding vessels were accurately showed in 7 of 10 cases with MRA,while the other 3 cases exhibited normal with DSA.ConclusionsSpinal angiography with 256 MSCT and CE-MRA at 3.0 T can clearly show the extent of spinal vascular malformations,feeding arteries and fistula location.They are safe,noninvasive,convinient and can shorten the time of DSA diagnosis and treatment.They play an important role in diagnosis and treatment of spinal vascular malformations and postoperative follow-up.

Objective To study the characteristic findings of computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in hepatobiliary cystadenocarcinoma.Methods CT,MRI and clinical data were analysed retrospectively.Plain,dynamic CT and MRI were performed in all patients.Results There were 8 patients,7 female,1 male,aged 48-74 years,with a median age of 58.Five lesions were in the left liver,and 3 lesions were in the right liver.One lesion was multilocular cysts with septations.Seven lesions were solitary.The lesions showed low or mixed density on plain CT.Two cysts showed evidence of hemorrhage,while 3 cysts showed fluid levels.There were different signal intensities in the cystic wall nodules which could appear as slightly low intensity on T1WI or slightly high intensities on T2WI.The cyst wall and septations appeared as slightly low intensity on T1WI and T2WI.The cystic fluid signal intensity changed with liquid ingredients.The nodularities showed obviously high signal intensity on DWI,and the fluid showed slightly high signal,while the cystic wall and separations showed slightly low signal intensity.On CT and MRI dynamic enhancement scanning,the nodularities showed obvious enhancement on the arterial phase,while the cystic wall and separations showed no enhancement.The nodularities showed persistent enhancement on the portal venous and delayed phases while the cystic wall and separation showed slight enhancement.Conclusions Hepatobiliary cystadenocarcinoma showed characteristic features on MSCT and MRI.MSCT combined with MR is an important method in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of hepatobiliary cystadenocarcinoma.

Objectives To study the value of CT and MRI in diagnosing focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH).Methods The CT and MRI findings of 16 patients with FNH confirmed histopathologically were analyzed retrospectively.Both plain and dynamic enhanced CT scannings were performed in all the patients.Plain and dynamic enhanced MRI were carried out in 9 patients.Results (1) There were 16 patients with 19 lesions,and 8 lesions were in the left lobe,5 lesions in the right lobe,4 lesions between the left/right lobes and 2 lesions in the caudate lobe.The morphology of the lesions showed 15 lesions to have clear boundaries and 4 lesions to have fuzzy boundaries.The tumor diameters varied from 2.2 to 9.6 cm,(average 4.3 cm).(2) Sixteen patients underwent CT examination.On plain CT,the lesions were isotonic (n＝ 5),or slightly low-density (n=11).In 7 lesions,there was a slit-like,stellate-shaped low density central scar.Nine patients underwent MRI examination.On T2WI,6 lesions showed slightly higher signal while the remaining 3 lesions showed iso-signal.On T1WI,4 lesions showed slightly lower signal,3 lesions showed iso-signal and 2 lesions showed slightly higher signal while in 1 lesion the local signal showed reduction in anti-phase 1.A central scar was seen in 6 lesions which showed high signal on T2WI,and low signal on T1WI.(3) Enhanced CT: 15 lesions were significantly enhanced and 1 lesion showed mild enhancement at the arterial phase.For the patients with mild enhancement,the scar in the center of the lesion showed no enhancement.In all lesions,the central scar did not enhance.In 5 lesions,enhancements of thickened and torturous arteries were seen.In all the lesions with enhancement,the enhancement was reduced at the portal venous phase,with 12 lesions showing slightly higher density,3 lesions isodensity and 1 lesion low-density.Three lesions showed mild enhancement of the central scar.All the substantial parts of the lesions with enhancement declined at the delay phase,with 3 lesions showing slightly higher density,9 lesions of isodensity and 4 lesions slightly low density.In 7 lesions with central scar delayed enhancement,they showed slightly higher density.Nine patients underwent MRI enhancement and the enhancement characteristics were similar to CT,but the arterial phase magnitude was higher than that of CT.In 4 lesions,the central scar began to enhance at the portal venous phase,while 6 lesions continued to enhance,thus showing slightly higher signal at the delay phase.In a large lesion,there was persistent delayed enhancement in the capsule.(4) On DWI,6 lesions showed inhomogeneous,slightly hyperintensity with the center showing a slit-like low signal area.Three lesions showed iso-signal.The ADC values of the lesions were (1.31±0.08)× 10-3 mm2/s,and the normal liver parenchyma were (1.22± 0.14)× 10-3 mm2/s,(difference not statistically significant).Conclusions CT and MRI using plain and dynamic enhanced scans could show fully and accurately the pathological features and the characteristics of blood supply of FNH.The characteristic signs on both CT and MRI make an accurate diagnosis of FNH.MRI when compared with CT was slightly better.A combined use of both CT and MRI has an important value in the diagnosis of FNH.

Objective To assess the value of functional magnetic resonance urography (fMRU)for the unilateral renal function in children with hydronephrosis.Methods Fourteen children with congenital hydronephrosis (unilateral hydronephrosis in 1 2 cases,bilateral hydronephrosis in 2 cases)examined by fMRU in Beijing Children′s Hospital,Capital Medical University,were enrolled.In 7 patients of them,diuretic renal scintigraphy (DRS)was per-formed within 1 0 days before fMRU examination.The following parameters in fMRU,as renal parenchymal volume,volu-metric differential renal function (vDRF),Patlak,Patlak differential renal function (pDRF),index of glomerular filtra-tion rate (GFR)and differential renal function based on index of GFR (gDRF),were calculated and analyzed.Statisti-cal analysis was performed by using SPSS 1 3.0.Results In 7 cases whose fMRU and DRS were examined,the indexes of GFR obtained from fMRU and GFR from DRS were well correlated (r =0.892,P <0.001 )in 1 4 kidneys.The gDRF determined by 2 methods on the left kidneys[the average was(46.80 ±1 9.20)% and(45.1 8 ±20.29)%,respective-ly]had no significant difference (t =0.051 6,P =0.624),which was also highly correlated (r =0.91 2,P =0.004). In 1 2 cases with unilateral hydronephrosis,vDRF,pDRF,index of GFR and gDRF in hydronephrotic side[(43.54 ± 9.61 )%,(42.80 ±1 0.83)%,(38.56 ±29.23)mL/min,(38.37 ±1 3.61 )%]were all less than those in the con-tralateral side[(56.46 ±9.61 )%,(57.1 9 ±1 0.83)%,(57.02 ±26.22)mL/min,(61 .63 ±1 3.61 )%](t =2.326, 2.300,2.422,2.960;P =0.040,0.042,0.034,0.01 3).However,there was no statistical difference in both renal pa-renchymal volume and Patlak between the hydronephrotic and the contralateral side kidneys(t =1 .765,1 .450;P =0.1 05,0.1 75).Conclusions fMRU is a very valuable examination method in evaluating single kidney function in children with congenital hydronephrosis,and able to demonstrate that gDRF,indexes of GFR,vDRF and pDRF decrease in the hydronephrotic kidney.

Objective To summarize the magnetic resonance imaging/ 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRI/1 H-MRS) features of tumor-like inflammatory demyelinating diseases (TIDD),and investigate the clinical value of MRI/1 H-MRS.Methods MRI features of 10 cases of TIDD in brain confirmed by pathology were retrospectively analyzed and compared with pathology.Results The lesions mainly located in the white matter with mild mass effect.MRI scan all showed low T1 high T2 signal,and 7 cases showed high signal,3 cases showed slightly high or mixed signals on DWI.Enhanced MRI showed 5 cases with significant enhancement withopen loop sign,4 cases with significant patchy or nodular enhancement,1 case with mild flakes or linear enhancement.Three cases showed expanded blood vessels and plumbed to the lateral wall inside the edge of the lesions.1H-MRS performance showed 4 cases all with significantly increased Lac and Lip; 3 cases with rised glutamate and glutamine complex β,γ-Glx peaks,reduced N-acetylaspartate acid (NAA),increased Cho to varying degrees.All pathological changes were demyelination,perivascular inflammatory infiltration and reactive gliosis,hypertrophy and abnormal mitotic figure.Seven cases could be seen obesity glial cells.Conclusions TIDD had its salient MRI features:lesion had obvious edema and mild mass effect,MRI enhancement showed open loop sign and small veins expansed,on perfusion-weighted imaging it showed low perfusion.1H-MRS showed β,γ-Glx peaks,Lac and Lip peaks significantly increased,NAA slightly reduced,Cho mildly elevated.Comprehensively analyzing the MRI and 1H-MRS features,combined with clinical manifestations,contribute to the diagnosis of the disease.

Objective: To investigate the incidence trend of diabetes among children and adolescents in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province from 2011 to 2021, so as to provide the basis for the prevention and control of diabetes among children and adolescents. Methods: Data on diabetes incidence among children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years in Ningbo City were collected through the Diabetes Monitoring Platform of the Ningbo Chronic Disease Collaborative Management System from 2011 to 2021. Crude incidence rates were calculated and standardized using data from the Sixth National Population Census in 2010. The trend of incidence rates were analyzed by average annual percent change (AAPC). Results: A total of 701 cases of diabetes among children and adolescents were reported in Ningbo City from 2011 to 2021. The crude and standardized incidence rates were 6.86/105 and 7.27/105, respectively, showing upward trends (AAPC=5.886%, 7.147%, both P<0.05). The crude and standardized incidence rates of type 1 diabetes mellitus were 3.36/105 and 3.35/105, respectively, with no significant trend observed (AAPC=1.229%, 1.449%, both P>0.05). The crude incidence rate was higher in children and adolescents aged 10 to <15 years (4.56/105) than in other age groups (all P<0.05). The standardized incidence rate was higher in females than in males (3.49/105 vs. 3.04/105, P<0.05). The standardized incidence rate was higher in urban areas than in rural areas (3.60/105 vs. 3.15/105, P<0.05). The crude and standardized incidence rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus were 3.43/105 and 3.87/105, respectively, showing upward trends (AAPC=4.904%, 7.579%, both P<0.05). The crude incidence rate was higher in children and adolescents aged 15 to 18 years (10.53/105) than in other groups (all P<0.05). The crude incidence rates in children and adolescents who aged 10 to <15 years and 15 to 18 years showed upward trends (AAPC=15.030%, 6.637%, both P<0.05). The standardized incidence rate was higher in males than in females (4.01/105 vs. 3.57/105, P<0.05). The standardized incidence rate was higher in urban areas than in rural areas (4.57/105 vs. 3.34/105, P<0.05). Conclusions From 2011 to 2021, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus showed an upward trend, with cases mainly concentrated in children and adolescents aged 15 to 18 years, males, and those living in urban areas. The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus remained stable, with cases mainly concentrated in children and adolescents aged 10 to <15 years, females, and those living in urban areas.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of Radix euphorbiae pekinensis extract on the permeability and bioavailability of paclitaxel co-administered orally.

METHODSBased on Ussing Chamber and in vivo experiment, the permeability and bioavailability of paclitaxel were evaluated after oral co-administration with radix euphorbiae pekinensis in rats. The contents of paclitaxel in the permeates and the blood samples were determined using HPLC and LC-MS/MS method, respectively.

RESULTSIn Radix euphorbiae pekinensis co-administration group, the Papp of the mucosal-to-serosal (M-S) transport or serosal-to-mucosal transport (S-M) of paclitaxel in the jejunum or ileum segment differed significantly from those in verapamil co-administration group and blank control group (P<0.05), but the Papp of S-M transport in the colon showed no significant difference from that in the blank control group. In the blank group, the average absolute bioavailability (AB%) of orally administered paclitaxel was only 2.81%, compared to that of 7.63% in radix euphorbiae pekinensis group. The average AB% in verapamil group was about 1.5 times that of the blank group.

CONCLUSIONCo-administration of Radix euphorbiae pekinensis extract can increase the bioavailability of orally administered paclitaxel.

Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Biological Availability ; Biological Transport ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Euphorbiaceae ; chemistry ; Paclitaxel ; pharmacokinetics ; Permeability ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Rats ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Verapamil

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of antibiotics on postoperative inflammatory complications after surgical extraction of the impacted mandibular third molar.

METHODSNinety-Six patients had their bilateral third molars removed through a split-mouth, double-blind, controlled, clinical trial in two visits. On one side amoxicillin (or clindamycin) was used (antibiotics group) from 1 h pre-operation to 3 d post-operation. On the other side, placebo was used (placebo group) the same time. Postoperative inflammatory complications including alveolar osteitis (AO), surgical site infection (SSI), pre-buccal site infection and anterior isthmus faucium space infection were monitored and recorded 2 d and 10 d after the surgery. The pain, swelling, and trismus were also recorded.

RESULTSAll 96 patients completed the study. Two AO (2.1%), one SSI (1.0%) and seven other infections were observed in the treatment group. Also three AO (3.1%), one SSI (1.0%) and eleven other infections were observed in the placebo group. However, no statistically significant differences were found in the incidence of various postoperative inflammatory complications and reactions between the groups (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference on the postoperative reaction, except pain on 10 d. Patients who had inflammatory infection recovered well with symptomatic anti-infection treatment.

CONCLUSIONSThe use of amoxicillin (or clindamycin) cannot effectively prevent and reduce the postoperative inflammatory complications after surgical extraction of the impacted mandibular third molar.

Amoxicillin ; therapeutic use ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local ; Clindamycin ; therapeutic use ; Double-Blind Method ; Dry Socket ; Edema ; Humans ; Molar ; Molar, Third ; Surgical Wound Infection ; prevention & control ; Tooth Extraction ; Tooth, Impacted ; surgery

Objective To explore the optimal virtual monoenergetic image of superior thyroid artery(STA)based on dual-layer spectral detector CT,and to optimize the image quality of STA.Methods A total of 100 patients who underwent dual-phase neck enhanced spectral CT scan were selected retrospectively.The 120 kVp conventional images and the 40-70 keV(interval of 10 keV)virtual monoenergetic images in the arterial phase were analyzed.The CT values,background noise,signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR)of blood vessels and surrounding tissues were analyzed in the five groups of images,and the image quality was scored.Results In monoenergetic image groups,the CT values,SNR and CNR of STA increased with the monoenergetic level decreased,and the highest values were found when the monoenergetic level was 40 keV,which was significantly higher than those in the 120 kVp conventional image group(P＜0.05).The background noise increased with the monoenergetic level decreased,and reached the maximum at 40 keV,but it was still lower than that in the 120 kVp conventional image group,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.001).The subjective score of 40 keV image was significantly better than that of 120 kVp conventional image group(P＜0.001).In the evaluation of the origin of the STA in 100 patients,a total of 200 STA were shown,69％of which originated from the external carotid artery.Conclusion The image quality of the STA on the 40 keV monoenergetic image is significantly higher than that on the conventional image,which has obvious advantages in evaluating the anatomy of the STA.