Conventional hemodialysis, which is based on the diffusive transport of solutes, is the most widely used renal replacement therapy. It effectively removes small solutes such as urea and corrects fluid, electrolyte and acid-base imbalance. However, solute diffusion coefficients decreased rapidly as molecular size increased. Because of this, middle and large molecules are not removed effectively and clinical problem such as dialysis amyloidosis might occur. Online hemodiafiltration which is combined by diffusive and convective therapies can overcome such problems by removing effectively middle and large solutes. Online hemodiafiltration is safe, very effective, economically affordable, improving session tolerance and may improve the mortality superior to high flux hemodialysis. However, there might be some potential limitations for setting up online hemodiafiltaration. In this article, we review the uremic toxins associated with dialysis, definition of hemodiafiltration, indication and prescription of hemodiafiltration and the limitations of setting up hemodiafiltration.
Acid-Base Imbalance ; Amyloidosis ; Dialysis ; Diffusion ; Hemodiafiltration* ; Mortality ; Prescriptions ; Renal Dialysis ; Renal Replacement Therapy ; Urea ; Water

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid is a very rare malignant tumor with poor prognosis. It is usually diagnosed as an advanced disease infiltrating adjacent organs, and characterized by aggressive clinical course with an average postoperative survival time of less than 1 year. Recently, we had a 79- year-old woman with a painful neck mass who was diagnosed as primary squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid gland. She underwent total thyroidectomy and selective neck dissection(level Ⅲ, Ⅵ) with no further postoperative managements such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy; she died of poor general condition and pneumonia resulting from rapid progression of the lesion on the 38th day after surgery. We report this case with a review of relevant literatures.

Renal artery aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms are an uncommon clinical problem with a low incidence rate. They are abnormal dilatations of the vessel lumen with some different natures. However, the rupture of an aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm is the most dreaded complication because it causes death of the patient. There are many causes of renal artery aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm, including Behçet's disease; however, renal involvement in Behçet's disease is less frequent. We report a case of renal artery pseudoaneurysm induced by Behçet's disease and treated successfully with coil embolization. A 56-year-old woman with Behçet's disease presented with an incidental left renal artery pseudoaneurysm measuring 18 mm. We successfully performed endovascular treatment with coil embolization instead of surgical treatment.
Aneurysm ; Aneurysm, False* ; Dilatation ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Middle Aged ; Renal Artery* ; Rupture

Induction therapy with basiliximab is widely administered after kidney transplantation to prevent acute rejection. Herein, we report a case of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema induced by basiliximab. To the best of our knowledge, such case has not been reported to date in Korea. A 54-year-old man with polycystic kidney disease received kidney transplantation. As induction therapy, he was prescribed basiliximab. On day 4, the second dose of basiliximab was administered. The patient complained of acute hypoxia 23 hours later, which led to circulatory collapse. He was discharged 3 weeks later with stable renal function. Pulmonary edema was presumed to have been caused by increased pulmonary capillary permeability. A possible hypothesis for this event occurring after the second basiliximab injection is steroid-related effects. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a complication that might occur after basiliximab induction therapy. Physicians should be aware of this potentially life-threatening complication.
Anoxia ; Capillary Permeability ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation ; Kidney* ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Polycystic Kidney Diseases ; Pulmonary Edema* ; Shock

Hemorrhagic cystitis is defined as diffuse mucosal inflammation of the urinary bladder that presents with gross hematuria. A variety of factors, including chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy and infection, can cause hemorrhagic cystitis. Among them, BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis is common in patients who have undergone stem cell transplantation but relatively rare in kidney transplantation patients. Here, we present the case of a kidney-transplant patient with BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis and interstitial nephritis who was successfully treated with leflunomide and ciprofloxacin.
BK Virus ; Ciprofloxacin ; Cystitis* ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Kidney Transplantation ; Kidney* ; Nephritis, Interstitial ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Urinary Bladder

Thromboembolism is a major complication of nephrotic syndrome. Renal vein thrombosis and deep vein thrombosis are relatively common, especially in membranous nephropathy. However, the incidence of portal vein and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) thrombosis in patients with nephrotic syndrome is very rare. To date, several cases of portal vein thrombosis treated by anticoagulation therapy, not by thrombolytic therapy, have been reported as a complication of nephrotic syndrome. Here, we report a case of portal, splenic, and SMV thrombosis in a patient with a relapsed steroid dependent minimal change disease who was treated successfully with anticoagulation and thrombolytic therapy using urokinase. Radiologic findings and his clinical conditions gradually improved. Six months later, a complete remission of the nephrotic syndrome was observed and the follow-up computed tomography scan showed the disappearance of all portal vein, splenic vein, and SMV thrombi.
Follow-Up Studies ; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mesenteric Veins* ; Nephrosis, Lipoid ; Nephrotic Syndrome* ; Portal Vein ; Renal Veins ; Splenic Vein ; Thromboembolism ; Thrombolytic Therapy ; Thrombosis* ; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator ; Venous Thrombosis

Background: Copeptin is the carboxyl-terminal part of the vasopressin precursor protein, and its concentration is an independent predictor of the onset of chronic kidney disease and a rapid decline in the glomerular filtration rate. The glomerular filtration rate is regarded as the best indicator of kidney transplant function and is a predictor of graft and patient survival. We investigated the clinical significance of copeptin as an early predictor of renal graft dysfunction in renal transplant recipients. Methods: We measured serum creatinine, cystatin C, and copeptin concentrations in renal transplant recipients on the day of their operation, as well as on postoperative days 3, 7, 30, and 365. Acute rejection was defined as a sudden decrease in renal function accompanied by histological changes. Results: Eight renal transplant recipients were enrolled in the study from July 2018 to December 2019. Four patients experienced histologically confirmed transplant rejection. All four cases involved acute T-cell rejection. No significant correlation was found between the copeptin level and the presence or absence of rejection at any time point. In subgroup analyses, changes in creatinine, the estimated glomerular filtration rate, cystatin, and copeptin did not show statistical significance. Conclusions We anticipated that copeptin would be useful to identify individuals at high risk of transplant rejection; however, our study failed to show an association. Further research will be needed to overcome the limitations of this study.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the human herpesvirus group, causes severe disease in immunocompromised patients. In particular, CMV pneumonia can be a life-threatening disease to patients taking immunosuppressive drugs. The radiographic manifestations of CMV are variable and may consist of reticular or reticulonodular patterns, ground-glass opacities, air-space consolidations, or mixed patterns. A cavitary lesion in pneumonia associated with CMV infection is extremely rare. Herein we report on a case of CMV pneumonia which presented with a cavitary lesion and was treated successfully in a systemic lupus erythematosus patient who was taking immunosuppressive drugs.
Cytomegalovirus* ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Lung* ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic* ; Pneumonia*

OBJECTIVES: The neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) level following non cardiac surgery is useful for predicting acute kidney damage. However, there is insufficient conclusive evidence as to whether NGAL can be used to predict subclinical AKI following non-cardiac surgery. METHODS: We measured serum NGAL and creatinine levels in 41 patients following non-cardiac surgery, and the increase of these variables was used to predict acute decreases in kidney function. RESULTS: The study included a total of 41 patients. The mean age was 64.65 ± 17.09 years. The serum creatinine concentration was increased 12 hours after surgery. The mean SD serum NGAL decreased after 4hours after surgery and continued to decrease after 12 hours after surgery. The incidence of subclinical AKI determined by the 4 hour serum NGAL level was 10(24.4%), and the incidence of serum creatinine elevation was 0(0.0%). The incidence of subclinical AKI determined by the 12 hour serum NGAL level was 4(9.8%), and the incidence of subclinical AKI determined by serum creatinine was 4(9.8%). The elevation of NGAL was more rapid than the serum creatinine 4 hours after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: We verified the usefulness of the serum NGAL level as a predictive factor for subclinical AKI after non-cardiac surgery.
Acute Kidney Injury* ; Creatinine ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney ; Lipocalins ; Neutrophils* ; Prognosis* ; Thoracic Surgery

Aerococcus urinae is a gram-positive coccus that produces alpha-hemolysis on blood agar and is negative for catalase. A. urinae can often be misidentified as a streptococcus, staphylococcus, or enterococcus by most commercial identification systems. Although A. urinae is a rarely reported human pathogen, it can be fatal in some cases. Here we report on a case of urosepsis caused by A. urinae, identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing in a patient with ureter stones and hydronephrosis, for the first time in Korea. It is important for physicians to consider A. urinae as a potential pathogen and to prescribe the most suitable antibiotics to ensure the best outcome.
Aerococcus* ; Agar ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Catalase ; Enterococcus ; Genes, rRNA ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Korea ; Sepsis ; Staphylococcus ; Streptococcus ; Ureter ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*