Receptors, Purinergic ; Signal Transduction/physiology*

The primary cilium is a solitary and special organelle that emanates from the cell surface of most mammalian cells, which is anchored to the cell by mother centriole during the interphase and G0 of cell cycle. Recent studies have revealed that the primary cilium is a sensory organelle to receive extracellular signals and plays a key role in the signal transduction and pathogenesis of diseases. This review presents the structure and the forming process of the primary cilium during cell cycle. The signal transductions associated with primary cilium, including platelet-derived growth factor receptor αα, hedgehog, Wnt are discussed and the relevant researches in the future are proposed.
Cilia ; physiology ; Humans ; Signal Transduction ; physiology

Animals ; Humans ; Melatonin ; physiology ; Receptors, Melatonin ; physiology ; Signal Transduction ; physiology

Adrenergic receptor (AR), one of the key receptors for nervous system, plays an important role in the immune microenvironment and the progression of many diseases. In recent years, the regulation of ARs and its signal on macrophages has become a research hotspot. Researchers found that ARs could exert different regulatory functions on macrophages in different microenvironments, which in turn affects occurrence and development of diseases such as tumor, heart failure, obesity, acute injury, infection and pregnancy-related diseases. This review summarizes the expression and functional regulation of ARs on macrophages, and the role of ARs in microenvironment of related diseases, which might provide new ideas for the treatments.
Disease ; Humans ; Macrophages ; physiology ; Receptors, Adrenergic ; physiology ; Signal Transduction

Human T lymphocytes are divided into αβT cells and γδT cells on the basis of the different expressions of T cell receptors. In recent years, the studies of the regulation of T cell activation and tolerance by co-stimulatory molecules and their signaling pathways in αβT cell have made remarkable progress; however, relatively fewer investigations have been performed on γδT cells. A clearer understanding of the roles of co-stimulatory molecules and their signaling pathways in the positive/negative regulation of γδT cells at different stages will provides new insights for the treatment of viral infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, and other conditions.
Humans ; Lymphocyte Activation ; physiology ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; physiology

No abstract available.
Aldosterone/physiology* ; Animal ; Epithelial Cells/physiology* ; Estradiol/physiology* ; Signal Transduction/physiology*

Hematopoietic development is characterized by the dynamic generation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells during embryogenesis, and afterward, the maintaining of hematopoietic homeostasis in adult. Mouse model has been appreciated valuable for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of hematopoietic development. As an important cytokine playing pivotal and versatile roles in the regulation of hematopoiesis, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) attracts more and more attention. In particular, gene targeting by homologous recombination provides a key means for systematic evaluation of how TGF-beta signaling is involved in hematopoiesis under physiological conditions. To further illustrate the functions and possible mechanisms of TGF-beta in hematopoietic development, hematopoietic phenotypes of targeted mutations and/or dominant negative transgenes of molecules within the TGF-beta signaling pathway are categorized and discussed in this review.
Animals ; Hematopoiesis ; physiology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; physiology ; Humans ; Signal Transduction ; physiology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; physiology

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an important role during embryonic development and pattern formation. Disruption of Hh pathway results in various developmental disorders and increasing cancer incidence. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the pathway members, focusing on how mammalian Hh regulates the Gli family of transcription factors through its downstream members, the so-called "canonical signaling pathway". Hh signaling pathway is highly conserved among species, and primary cilia plays an important role as a "signaling center" during vertebrate signal transduction. Further, in the past few years, numerous studies have shown that Hh signal can also be transduced through Gli-independent ways collectively referred to as "non-canonical signaling pathways", which can be subdivided into two modules: (i) those not requiring Smo and (ii) those downstream of Smo that do not require Gli transcription factors. Thus, we review the rapid progress on canonical and non-canonical Hh pathways.
Animals ; Cilia ; physiology ; Hedgehog Proteins ; physiology ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors ; physiology

The skeletal muscle mass accounts for more than 40% of the body weight of healthy adults. The skeletal muscle not only plays an important role in physical activities but also affects the function of other organs as a secretory organ secreting multiple muscle factors. Therefore, it is important to maintain the normal quantity and function of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle mass is the basis of skeletal muscle function and is often affected by many factors such as exercise and disease. Resistance exercise training induces increased protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells, while limb disuse, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, cachexia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and many other pathological conditions lead to decreased protein synthesis or enhanced protein degradation of skeletal muscle cells. The process of skeletal muscle hypertrophy involves changes in multiple signaling pathways, such as IGF-1/PI3K/Akt, myostatin and G protein. On the other hand, activations of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, IGF-1/Akt/FoxO, autophagy-lysosomal pathway, NF-κB, and the glucocorticoid-mediated signaling pathways play important roles in regulating muscle atrophy. These signaling pathways regulate skeletal muscle mass and are modulated by some different conditions. This review briefly summarizes the signaling pathways of skeletal muscle mass control.
Humans ; Muscle, Skeletal ; physiology ; Muscular Atrophy ; Organ Size ; Signal Transduction

Electroacupuncture may play a role in treatment of learning and memory impairment after ischemic stroke by regulating phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway, nerve growth factor (NGF)/tyrosine kinase-A (TrkA) signaling pathway, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte (Eph)/ephrin signaling pathway. The interactions among these pathways should be further explored in treatment of learning and memory impairment after ischemic stroke.
Humans ; Electroacupuncture ; Ischemic Stroke ; Learning ; Signal Transduction/physiology*