Thyroid cancer is the one of the most common endocrine tumors. The biological behaviors and prognoses of the thyroid cancer of different histological types remarkably differ. The highly invasive thyroid cancer responds poorly to traditional therapies. Recent research advances in the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer have revealed the roles of many genetic and epigenetic variations such as gene mutation, abnormal gene amplification, and abnormal gene methylation in the development of thyroid cancer, which provides new insights in the molecular diagnosis, prognosis, and target therapy of the thyroid cancer.
Carcinoma ; genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Signal Transduction ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; genetics

MicroRNA (miR) is a class of highly conserved non-coding single-stranded RNA widely existing in mammals, which can negatively regulate the expression of targeting genes after transcription. As a key regulator, miR negatively regulates the expression of the targeting genes and disrupts important molecular signaling pathways, leading to the imbalance of multiple pathways such as tissue repair and inflammation involved in the fibrotic process. Among them, miR-15a/16 can participate in regulating and controlling the fibrotic process of various organs, including liver, lung, heart, kidney and other fibrotic diseases by acting on cell proliferation and transformation, extracellular matrix proteins production and degradation, inflammation and other important cell functions. It has potential diagnostic and therapeutic value. Clarifying the biological function of miR-15a/16 and its mechanism for action and therapeutic application prospects in various fibrotic lesions are of great significance for the molecular targeted treatment of fibrotic diseases.
Humans ; Fibrosis/genetics* ; MicroRNAs/genetics* ; Signal Transduction ; Inflammation

Mutations in p53 signal pathway are found in nearly all types of cancers, indicating its close relationship with human malignant tumors. Wide type p53 is a potent tumor suppressor, whose biological effects are largely due to its function as a transcriptional regulator. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) is an important class of noncoding regulatory RNA molecules, with profound impact on a wide array of biological processes, regulating both messenger RNA (mRNA) translation and decay by the combination of target mRNA. The latest studies found that miRNAs are important molecules during the modulation of protein expression by activation of p53. The miRNA biosynthesis, function and the research progress in p53 gene signal pathway are reviewed.
Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, p53 ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; Signal Transduction

Humans ; Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Signal Transduction

The development of female germ cells can be mainly divided into two stages: fetal germ cells and oocytes in folliculogenesis after puberty. Mitosis-meiosis transition, meiosis arrest and re-activation are the key phases of the development. Several phases may be characterized by their distinct molecular events, which involve precise regulation of gene expression and interaction with corresponding gonadal niche cells. In recent years, single-cell transcriptome studies have clarified phase-specific patterns of gene expression, signaling pathways and epigenetic modification during oogenesis and folliculogenesis. These works have provided important insights into the development of female germ cells and pathogenesis of germ-cell related diseases, which may promote clinical application of reproductive genetic research.
Female ; Germ Cells ; Humans ; Meiosis ; Oocytes ; Oogenesis/genetics* ; Signal Transduction

Endothelial tight junctions (TJs) serve as an important barrier in vascular endothelial structure and maintain vascular function homeostasis. Occludin, the most representative tight junction protein, is involved in sealing cell connections and maintaining the integrity and permeability of vascular endothelium. Recent studies have shown that alterations in the expression, distribution, and structure of endothelial TJs may lead to many related vascular diseases and pathologies (such as stroke, atherosclerosis, and pulmonary hypertension etc.). Here, we reviewed the research advances on the relationship between occludin and vascular endothelial injury, including the biological information of occludin, the signal pathways that occludin exerts the protective effect of vascular endothelium, and the relationship between occludin and vascular endothelial injury-related diseases.
Endothelium, Vascular ; Occludin/genetics* ; Signal Transduction ; Tight Junctions

Cellular primary cilium, located on the surface of virtually all mammalian cells, is a strictly conserved organelle which regulates cell biological process and maintains cell homeostasis by modulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, polarity, signal cascades and other life activities. Some diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding structural proteins or accessory proteins of primary cilia are collectively termed as "ciliopathies", which can occur in embryo, infancy and even adulthood. Ciliopathies not only involve a single organ, but also involve multiple organs and multiple systems, showing variable symptoms and overlapping symptoms. This review mainly summarizes the effects of ciliopathy-associated gene mutations on bone, tooth, skin, liver and bile duct, kidney, brain, retina, heart and other organs, uncovers their molecular mechanisms and provides some novel insights into therapy of ciliopathies.
Adult ; Animals ; Cilia ; Ciliopathies/genetics* ; Humans ; Proteins ; Retina ; Signal Transduction

Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) is a selective autophagy adaptor protein that plays an important role in the clearance of proteins to be degraded as well as in the maintenance of cellular proteostasis. p62 protein has multiple functional domains, which interact with several downstream proteins to precisely regulate multiple signaling pathways, thereby linking p62 to oxidative defense systems, inflammatory responses and nutrient sensing. Studies have shown that mutation or abnormal expression of p62 is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, tumors, infectious diseases, genetic diseases and chronic diseases. This review summarizes the structural features and molecular functions of p62. Moreover, we systematically introduce its multiple functions in protein homeostasis and regulation of signaling pathways. Furthermore, the complexity and versatility of p62 in the occurrence and development of diseases are summarized, with the aim to provide a reference for understanding the function of p62 protein and facilitating related disease research.
Humans ; Autophagy/genetics* ; Sequestosome-1 Protein/metabolism* ; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism* ; Signal Transduction ; Neoplasms/genetics*

Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; genetics ; physiology ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; Ossification, Heterotopic ; genetics ; Signal Transduction ; genetics ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo summarize the recent findings of dysregulation of signaling pathways and miRNAs in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

DATA SOURCESWe searched PubMed database with the keywords "chronic lymphocytic leukemia", "signal pathway", or "miRNA" for relevant articles in recent years.

STUDY SELECTIONResearch articles and reviews about signaling pathways and miRNAs in CLL were chosen for review.

RESULTSDysregulation of signaling pathways, such as B cell receptor , toll-like receptor, PI3K, nuclear factor κB, notch signaling pathway, Wnt/Fzd signaling pathway, and Hedgehog and Janus kinases/signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathway, as the terminal events of the aberrant gene expression and the pro-survival effects of microenvironment, plays a crucial role in the process of CLL. miRNAs, a novel found noncoding RNA, which regulate gene expression at transcription or post-transcription level and correlate with pathogenesis of CLL provide us new avenues to better evaluating prognosis and therapy of it.

CONCLUSIONFurther investigation of the dysregulation of signaling pathways and miRNAs and their relationship may provide us a new prospective to understand the pathogenesis of CLL and may provide us new strategies to resolve the clinical nodi in treatment of CLL.