Objective To investigate the causes of bicycle injuries among middle school students in rural areas and attitudes of students, their parents and teachers toward bicycle injuries.Methods 103 respondents in 14 groups were interviewed using focus group discussion outline. Data were taped and interpreted by two experienced researchers using the QSR NVivo 8.0 software.Results Disobeying the traffic rules, riding bicycle carelessly and fast speed when riding bicycle were the first leading causes of bicycle injuries among middle school students. The relative importance of disobeying traffic rules, inattentive riding the bicycles and fast speed were 1.00, 0.80 and 0.78respectively. Students, their parents and teachers held different attitudes toward the determinants of road condition(23 person-time)'. Fast riding speed was the most important subjective cause (students and parents were 14 and 8 person-time during the interview)but teachers thought that disobeying traffic rules was the most important one(by 14 person-time). Conclusion Residents in rural China had low awareness of child bicycle injuries. There is a need to improve the awareness of road safety among rural residents. Future intervention strategies should be tailored to address main determinants to reduce the incidence of road traffic injuries among children.

OBJECTIVETo examine the Eastern-Western difference in the interpretation of Integrative Medicine Attitude Questionnaire (IMAQ) by assessing the psychometric properties of a revised Chinese medicine (CM)-specific version of IMAQ (CM-IMAQ).

METHODSFactor and Rasch analysis were performed with data collected from a mail survey of 165 Hong Kong Western medical doctors (WMD) randomly sampled from the official registry. The structural validity, unidimensionality, item fit, and differential item functioning (DIF) of the Hong Kong CM-IMAQ were evaluated.

RESULTSConfirmatory factor analysis (CFA) demonstrated that the original IMAQ factor structure was not concordant with our data on Chinese WMD, and subsequent explanatory factor analysis (EFA) validated a new three-factor model for CM-IMAQ: (1) attitude towards "tonification", (2) attitude towards the effectiveness of CM, and (3) attitude towards CM knowledge. The original IMAQ factor on holism and doctor-patient relationship disappeared. Rasch analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of "tonification" and the effectiveness domains, but further refinement of the knowledge domain is needed.

CONCLUSIONSCultural adaptation of the IMAQ has demonstrated differences between Eastern and Western doctors trained in allopathic medicine in their interpretations of holism in healthcare. For Chinese WMD, the emphasis of holistic care is placed on "tonifying" the body rather than on nurturing the mind and spirit. Confucian and Taoist conceptualizations of mental health as well as the persistent stigma towards mental illness within modern Chinese culture may explain why Chinese WMD do not regard mental health promotion as part of routine healthcare.

Aged ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; Emotions ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Holistic Health ; statistics & numerical data ; Hong Kong ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Integrative Medicine ; statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUNDEvidence-based medicine has come into its second decade. How prepared clinicians are in practicing it in particular in developing countries remains unclear. Thus we conducted this survey of physicians in urban hospitals in China to determine the size of the gap between research evidence and physicians' knowledge and practice regarding antihypertensive drugs for primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in China.

METHODSA cross sectional survey by a face-to-face interview was conducted in 20 tertiary general hospitals in China in 2005. A total of 444 physicians (mostly cardiologists) in internal medicine who had treated at least one hypertensive patient in the past 12 months were invited for the interview on their perception of the cardiovascular risk of hypertension, the magnitude of the benefit of antihypertensive drugs, knowledge on the overall risk approach, first-line drugs used, the risk above which drug treatment is recommended, and knowledge on evidence-based medicine.

RESULTSA total of 444 of the 468 eligible physicians were successfully interviewed with a response rate of 94.9%. They estimated that a hypertensive man with an actual 5-year cardiovascular risk of 8.4% would have a 5-year cardiovascular risk of 40% (95%CI: 38% to 42%) if not treated, and have an absolute risk reduction and relative risk reduction from drug treatment by 20% (95%CI: 18% to 22%) and 39% (95%CI: 37% to 42%) respectively, as compared to 3.3% and 33% respectively shown in research evidence. On average, the physicians would recommend drug treatment at a number needed to treat (NNT) of 368 or smaller, as compared to the actual NNT of 50 for drug treatment in an average hypertensive Chinese. Fifty-five percent (95%CI: 50% to 59%) of them had never intently used the national hypertension guidelines. The majority still prescribed drugs primarily based on blood pressure alone by ignoring other risk factors or the overall risk and 78% (95 % CI: 76% to 83%) used new expensive drugs such as calcium channel blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors as first-line treatment. Only 13% (95%CI: 9% to 18%) could correctly interpret the NNT. Forty-three percent (95%CI: 39% to 48%) did not know the randomized controlled trial was scientifically the most rigorous among other study designs for evaluating the effectiveness of anti-hypertensive drugs. Ninety-two percent (95%CI: 90% to 94%) did not know they could start by searching systematic reviews when looking for evidence on the effectiveness of anti-hypertensive drugs as opposed to trials. Ninety-six percent (95%CI: 94% to 98%) did not know the Cochrane Library was an important source of systematic reviews.

CONCLUSIONSThe surveyed physicians significantly over-estimated the cardiovascular risk of hypertension and the benefit of drug treatment, and had insufficient knowledge on the overall risk approach. They recommended drug treatment at a cardiovascular risk which was even much lower than the cutoff suggested for western populations, which would make many more people eligible for drug treatment. They also tended to prescribe new expensive drugs although the older cheaper ones may be more appropriate in many patients. They showed inappropriate knowledge on the basics of evidence-based medicine.

Adult ; Antihypertensive Agents ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; prevention & control ; China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; methods ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Hypertension ; drug therapy ; Male ; Physicians ; statistics & numerical data